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British airline EasyJet cuts capacity on planned flights, has hope with rollout of vaccines
EasyJet has cut more flights as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage across the globe but hopes that the rollout of vaccines will help it bounce back.
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British airline EasyJet cuts capacity on planned flights, has hope with rollout of vaccines
Pan Pylas, Associated Press
Published 7:32 a.m. ET Nov. 17, 2020
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British airline EasyJet has cut more flights as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage across the globe but has hopes that the rollout of vaccines will help it bounce back from its first full-year loss in its 25-year history.
EasyJet said Tuesday that it does not expect to fly more than about 20% of its planned services in the October to December quarter amid a resurgence of the virus in Europe. That’s down from an anticipated 25%.
“We expect to fly no more than 20% of planned capacity for the first quarter of 2021," Chief Executive Johan Lundgren said.
The airline reported Tuesday a pretax loss of $1.7 billion (1.27 billion pounds) for the year through September as passenger numbers halved to 48.1 million. The summer was particularly tough, with the airline flying just 38% of its planned capacity during the peak holiday season.
Last year, the group had made a profit of 430 million pounds for the previous full year period.
Lundgren said the company had responded “robustly and decisively” to the crisis and cheered “welcome news” on a possible vaccine. Already this month two candidate vaccines have revealed positive results, which has raised hopes that everyday life around the world could be returning to normal in the first half of next year.
Still, the vaccine or vaccines are not expected to come through quickly enough to salvage the winter season for the aviation industry, with airlines everywhere slashing capacity.
The move to fly only 20% of planned capacity is to help the airline maintain its "disciplined approach to cash generative flying over the winter, we retain the flexibility to rapidly ramp up when demand returns,” Lundgren said.
“We know our customers want to fly with us and underlying demand is strong.”
He noted that there is pent-up demand for international travel, citing a 10-fold increase in bookings for the Canary Islands in the five days after the U.K. announced on Oct. 23 it was lifting quarantine restrictions on people returning from the Spanish islands. The airline, he added, boosted its capacity by 180,000 seats within 24 hours to “harness the demand.”
However, the announcement of a second national lockdown in England from Nov. 5 has seen the sector suffer once again.
Easyjet has slashed costs by 31% during the pandemic, including cutting around 4,500 jobs. It has also bolstered its finances by raising 3.1 billion pounds, some of which has come through an emergency loan program from the Bank of England. It is also opting against paying a dividend.
William Ryder, equity analyst at stockbrokers Hargreaves Lansdown, said shareholders will be “hoping that the worst is now behind them” now that “positive vaccine news has promised light at the end of the tunnel.”
Ask the Captain: All your air-travel questions, answered
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Every week, Capt. John Cox, a retired US Airways pilot, answers your questions about air travel. Ben Mutzabaugh/USA TODAY
What advice would you give to someone who wants to start an airline company? And how much would it cost?
Starting an airline is very, very, very expensive. The barriers to entry are many including FAA certification, training, acquisition of equipment, obtaining gates, and the largest one obtaining financing.
Finding the right experienced leadership is a challenge, but is essential. Airline operations are very complex so the leaders need experience to be effective.
And while there is a lot of cash revenue, the final profit margins are lower than many other businesses. The likelihood of success is small. Most startup airlines fail. Some regional airlines have succeeded because they were able to secure contract to fly for legacy airlines very early in their life.
There is no way I can provide an estimated cost. There are too many variables, but whatever the business plan estimates the cost will be, I would add at least 50% to it as padding. [HERALD-TRIBUNE ARCHIVE / 2018]
Can an airplane make an emergency landing without its tail wings?
The “tail wings” are know a horizontal stabilizers.
No, the loss of the horizontal stabilizers would result in an severe aerodynamic unbalance. They provide downward lift to balance the wing, producing lift. Loss of the horizontal stabilizer would result in the aft (rear) part of the airplane tumbling forward causing forces that would break the fuselage apart. Bim/Getty Images
How many airports in the United States, if any, have the equipment to land a commercial airline automatically? By the same token, how many airlines have the on board equipment to do it?
If you are referring to an Instrument Landing System with the fidelity to allow an landing to be flown by an approved autopilot system, the answer is nearly every large-city airport.
Most modern airliners have auto-land capability, including the newer 737, all 747, 757, 767, 777, 787 and all Airbus products.
The auto-land function requires the pilots to program the flight management system in a very exact way, so it is a use of the automation.
There are some small airplanes that have a true automatic landing system. These are very new and intended for use only in the event of an incapacitated pilot. No airliner has such a system. JasonDoiy, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why do airline passengers have to put their phones in airplane mode?
A mobile phone in an airplane can cause problems with the cellular network as they may be communicating with multiple towers.
The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) bans the use of mobile phones in flight.
In airplane mode, the phone does not communicate with the cellular network. USA TODAY
Why do we have to put our seat backs up for landing and take off, especially when it’s less than an inch?
The FAA requires that seat backs be upright for take off and landing in order to provide as much room as possible for the people behind you to get to the aisle in the event of an emergency evacuation.
This requirement has been in place for decades. da-kuk/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why is the second meal served so close to the end of long-haul flights over eight hours?The cabin crew is often running to collect trays before landing. They have plenty of time for meal service yet this seems to happen on every carrier.
The meal service is determined by the in-flight department. I suspect it is timed to provide the most passengers with a meal. More people are awake near the end of the trip. DeSid/Getty Images/iStockphoto
When a plane is scheduled to land at 7 p.m., what exactly does this mean? Is this when wheels down occurs or is this when the plane arrives at the terminal?
The arrival time on the airline's schedule refers to the time the airplane arrives at its gate. That's probably something to keep in mind the next time you are considering flights with tight connection times. andres/Getty Images
On Christmas Eve, I saw a news report where a passenger said their plane was "frozen to the tarmac." Is this really possible?
Yes, if there is freezing rain and wind, it can literally freeze the airplane to the ramp. Usually, a tug can free it but it is possible for it to get stuck. yoh4n/Getty Images
When a plane's weight and balance is computed, what weights are used for men and women?
For men, the FAA average weights are 190 lbs. in the summer, 195 lbs. in the winter, to account for them wearing more clothing. For women, weight-and-balance calculations assume an average weight of 179 lbs. in summer and 184 lbs. in winter. gchutk/Getty Images
An excuse that I've heard several times with ramp delays is: "The aircraft was overloaded with fuel!" I understand the weight and balance of the aircraft is critical. Does this really occur? I have never seen an aircraft offload a fuel load, what is the general procedure?
Yes, it does occur. The fuel load is calculated on the anticipated number of passengers and cargo. If either changes the consequence is that the fuel load is too much. This is more frequent in the smaller regional jets than in larger jets.
Fuel can be offloaded, but this is rarely done, usually freight or bags are offloaded until the required weight is achieved. Lya_Cattel, Getty Images
My wife's very sensitive to altitude sickness on long-haul flights. Boeing's 787 and Airbus 350 talk of cabin pressures of around 6,000 feet, but do pilots stick to that or go higher to save fuel?
The cabin altitude quoted is a maximum service ceiling. This means at the maximum certified altitude 43,000 for the 787 and 41,500 for the A350 the cabin altitude will be 6,000 feet.
It is unusual for an airliner to fly at is maximum altitude, so the cabin altitude would be lower. Getty Images
Do pilots eat airline food?
Yes, usually the pilots have the same food as passengers. On long flights there are dedicated crew meals, but they are very similar to the food served to passengers. DeSid, Getty Images/iStockphoto
What determines an airplane's altitude? is it relative to sea level or the land over which it is flying? For instance, when I am flying over Denver, Colorado, does the official altitude at which I am flying decrease by 5,280 feet?
Most airplanes fly above Mean Sea Level altitudes (MSL), the altimeter would read 5,280 feet in Denver. They are corrected for barometric pressure. There are radio altimeters that the altitude Above Ground Level (AGL), which are used for low visibility approaches.
When flying above 18,000 feet in the U.S., airplanes express altitude in terms of Flight Levels, which have a standard altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of Mercury. Pilots then describe the altitude by the first three digits. For example, 18,000 feet is FL180, 29,000 feet is FL290, 41,000 feet is FL410 and so on.
Using a standard altimeter setting avoids the constant resetting of the altimeter as the airplane flies into high or lower pressure. Additionally, having all the aircraft using the same altimeter setting ensures proper vertical separation. Ollie DesforgesGetty Images/iStockphoto
What keeps an airplane's fuel supply from freezing at high altitudes?
There are additives in jet fuel to lower the freezing point. However, if the fuel temperature reaches -40℃ or colder, it becomes necessary to find warmer air or increase speed to increase frictional heat. Elaine Thompson/AP
How do you manage to land in the middle of the runway with rapidly varying cross winds?
During crosswinds, you control the track of the airplane by adjusting the heading, this is known as crabbing.
As the airplane nears touchdown, the pilot usually will apply rudder to swing the nose to near the runway heading. Once the crab is reduced and the nose swings, the airplane will begins to drift toward the downwind side of the runway. For this reason, many pilot will line up on the upwind side for the runway, allowing that drift to put them near the centerline at touchdown.
Maintaining centerline track takes experience, but professional pilots do it frequently. hnijjar007/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Most aircraft stow their landing gear entirely when it's not in use – but not the Boeing 737. Why not?
When the Boeing 737 was designed in the mid-1960s, the engineers believed they could achieve nearly the same drag profile with the landing gear flush as when it was fully retracted into the well and covered by doors.
There are benefits by having the gear flush, such as fewer actuators and lower weight.
But each airplane is different, and engineers try to reduce drag as much as possible. Most other airplane designers found that having the gear fully inside a covered wheel well provided smoother airflow, hence less drag. spooh/Getty Images
What are chemical oxygen generators, how do they work and what is their purpose on a commercial airline?
For decades, airliners have used oxygen generators as the primary means to provide passenger oxygen in case of an emergency.
This technology is proven to be reliable and effective. Oxygen generators use a chemical reaction initiated by a percussion cap. Once started, this exothermic process causes heat (around 500℉), and oxygen is produced.
The oxygen generators produce oxygen for around 15 minutes, which is more than enough to descend in the event of a pressurization problem at cruise altitude. gchutka/Getty Images
What was your favorite aircraft to fly?
My favorite propeller airplane was the Gulfstream I.
As for jets, it was the Boeing 737, followed very closely by the Airbus A320. In fairness, I spent 15 years flying 737s and loved it. I was fortunate enough to fly the A320 for six years and love it. So it is a very close call. Sang Tan/AP
Why do the co-pilots on international flights tend to be older than on domestic flights?
International flights are desirable, therefore they go to senior pilots. Some pilots conclude that they would rather be a senior first officer on international flights than a captain on domestic flights.
I know several pilots who never flew as a captain in order to fly the larger airplanes internationally. Maravic/Getty Images
What role do airline dispatchers play?
Dispatchers, who work from the airline's operations center, are trained in similar skills as pilots but without the flight training.
They carefully monitor weather or other conditions that could affect the flight. Weather, air traffic delays and irregular operations are just some of the important information dispatcher provide to the flight crew.
Prior to a flight, the dispatcher reviews the weather, planned payload (passengers and cargo), estimated flight time and orders a proposed fuel load. The captain and dispatcher must be in agreement on fuel, route and conditions before the flight is released.
Once the flight takes off, the dispatcher monitors its progress and maintains contact with the flight crew. Should the plane run into mechanical problems or other issues en route, the dispatcher is the pilot's first point of contact. Delta Air Lines
Do pilots land large airliners manually or by computer?
While many airplanes can land by use of automation, the vast majority of landings are still done manually. Pilots are generally better at landing in more dynamic weather conditions than the automated system. Maravic/Getty Images
How does a pilot know when the wheels are on the ground when landing?
If you are fortunate enough to “roll it on” and the landing is very smooth, you can feel the vibration from the wheels as they spin. Additionally, in a jet airliner you will feel the airplane squat as the ground spoilers deploy causing the weight of the airplane to transfer from the wings to the landing gear.
Usually, there is a noticeable contact with the runway. Occasionally, that contact can be a bit firm. Senohrabek/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What would you say to someone who is afraid to travel?
If it's coronavirus you are worried about, I'd tell you to research your airline and destination to see what the conditions are like and what precautions are being taken. Evaluate the level of risk vs. the value of the travel. Then determine if that risk is acceptable to you.
Acceptable levels of risk are different for different people and organizations. I am still traveling for business, but with safety mitigations (e.g. mask, hand sanitizer and social distancing).
To me, the value of travel is enough to accept the risk with the mitigations in place. kieferpix/Getty Images/iStockphoto
As someone who has flown for a career, how do you deal with jet lag?
Here are some tricks that I find helpful. First, stay hydrated. Cabin air is VERY dry so make sure you drink plenty of water.
When you get to your destination, try and get a nap (but not longer than three hours). Get out, walk around and take in some fresh air. Eat meals on the local schedule and go to bed on the local schedule.
It should be easy to fall asleep the first night since you'll so tired. But on the second night, it's common to wake up in the very early morning hours and have trouble getting back to sleep.
For me, it's harder to adjust on eastbound trips than westbound trips. The worst was flying from Asia or Australia to the U.S. It took several days to get back in sync with the local time. Bluberries/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Can a passenger aircraft avoid turbulence? Is there any early warning system for turbulence?
Aircraft do avoid turbulence. Pilots get reports for other aircraft, then modify their route and use meteorologists to avoid forecast areas of turbulence.
There are some experimental technologies that are being tested to detect turbulence, but they are not proven yet.
Turbulence can be unexpected, particularly clear-air turbulence. It is important to keep your seat belt fastened when in your seat. Most passenger injuries occur when encountering unexpected turbulence without their seat belt being fastened. Diy13, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Which is the most confusing airport to land at during the night?
I do not have a single airport that sticks in my mind as “the most confusing.” Boston is challenging due to the number of runway crossing location with multiple taxiways flowing into intersections. Chicago O’Hare can be challenging due to the size and complexity of the terminal ramp areas and number of runways.
With modern moving map displays, taxiing on large airports is much easier than it was in the past. Marcus Millo, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Are you friends with Captain Sully? – T.W., Los AngelesCapt. Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger and I have known each other since the late '80s. We worked together on safety issues at US Air/US Airways. Yes, we are friends and try to see each other when we can.
He is a great spokesman for aviation. AP
As an airline pilot myself, why am I constantly asked if I fly the same route all the time. Even if that was common decades ago, how has that myth survived?– MG, Palo Alto, California
Like so many myths, this one seems to have a life of its own. Passengers do not think about the complexities of scheduling crews and airplanes to meet the demands of passengers.
It is very hard to explain the intricacies of the monthly bidding process. A standing joke at my airline was that anyone could fly a trip, but you had to be smart to bid the right trip.
It is not likely that the myth of pilots flying only one or just a few routes will go away, With that in mind, we should try to better explain how our industry works and help passengers understand how complex it is. Digital Vision, Getty Images
I have an overnight connection in Montréal en route to Martinique on Air Canada in November. Do I need a COVID-19 test? Will I have to quarantine?– John Brockman, Middleville, Michigan
I strongly suggest you contact Air Canada and ask them about your specific scenario. Quebec has the highest COVID-19 infection rate in Canada, according to Canadian public health data, and Montréal, in particular, which is the largest city in the province, is on maximum alert. Normally, connections are exempt from quarantine rules, but your case could be different since it's overnight and you're likely to leave the airport. Air Canada
Are weight and balance issues more of a factor on smaller planes carrying less than 100 people than larger planes carrying more passengers?
Yes, a weight and balance issue can be more critical on smaller airplane because a even a small error accounts for a larger percentage of the total weight.
A 500-lb. error on an airplane that weighs 5,000 lbs., adds up to a larger percentage of the total weight.
This is why pilots carefully calculate the weight and balance before flight. No matter the size of the airplane, it should be loaded within the proper limits to ensure safe flight. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren/Special to USA TODAY
Which would use more fuel: 100 people flying from New York to Los Angeles on an 737 airliner, or the same 100 people driving there, two people per car?– Paul Bartlett, Columbus, Indiana
Let's run the numbers, shall we?
The total distance for both the car (let's assume it's a SUV given their popularity and their cargo capacity) and the plane is 2,800 miles.
SUVAverage miles per gallon: 20
Number of cars: 50
Presumed driving time: 42 hours
Total fuel burned in gallons (140) x 50: 7,000 gallons
Boeing 737 Speed of 737: 500 mph
Gallons per hour: 740
Flying time: 5.6 hours
Total fuel burned: 4,150 gallons
Based on this rough calculation, the 737 would burn 59% of the fuel that the SUVs use and would get there in 5.6 hours instead of 42 hours.
Assuming a nationwide average price per gallon of $2.20 (per AAA), the people in each car would spend a little over $300 on regular gas alone. That's not counting one or two nights in a hotel along the way. By way of comparison, right now, a nonstop, one-way ticket from JFK to LAX is running around $275 on JetBlue. JOHANNES EISELE, AFP via Getty Images
Upon takeoff, is pressurization of commercial passenger aircraft cabins automatic or a switch has to be flipped or activated? Is it fixed at a particular equivalent altitude level?
On modern airliners, it is usually an automatic process and the airplane begins to pressurize as soon as it takes off.
On most modern jets, the pressurization system gets the airplane’s intended cruising altitude from the flight management system. Once the cruise altitude is known, the automatic pressurization system calculates the proper cabin altitude not to exceed the maximum differential pressure. The pressurization system then climbs the cabin to the calculated altitude.
Once descent begins, the pressurization system then descends the cabin to the destination airport elevation. Getty Images
Airbus announced the discontinuation and end of production of its famed A380 in 2020. It was launched in 2000, and the first delivery was in 2007. To me, less than 20 years of longevity doesn't seem seem like much of a return on investment and development for a commercial aircraft's lifespan, considering how long the 373 and A320 have been in production. How does this lifespan compare to other commercial aircraft that have come and gone?
Sadly, the A380 was an airplane with limited usefulness. One airline, Emirates, found the A380 to be an ideal airplane and bought almost half of them. Other airlines that did buy and operate the A380 only operated a few. Today, nearly all are parked in storage and have no prospect of returning to the sky.
The A380’s life span is very short compared to the B737 (over 50 years), the A320 (over 30 years), the B767 (over 30 years) or the B747 (over 40 years). Jack Taylor, Getty Images
Don't airlines waste a lot of money by dumping fuel?
There is definitely a cost but if the airplane is too heavy to land and has a problem requiring it to return to the departure airport, it is necessary.
Airplane have maximum landing weights. Take-off weight can be above the landing weight (frequently, it is). If a problem occurs such as an engine, hydraulic, electrical or pneumatic malfunction it is necessary to return to the airport and land. If the airplane is over maximum landing weight, fuel must be burned or jettisoned (dumped).
Not all airplanes have fuel dumping capability. Smaller airplanes must burn the fuel or use a special part of their certification allowing overweight landing in an emergency. Larger airplanes must reduce their weight.
The bottom line is this: Yes, it cost to dump fuel, but it would still have to be burned if it were not dumped. Matt Hartman/AP
I often fly to Wales to visit family. Recently, I received news that oxygen is going to be a permanent travel partner for me. I'm sure oxygen tanks are NOT permitted on aircraft, for very good reasons. Is there any way I can still visit my relatives? Does the airplanes have their own oxygen supply that passengers with breathing problems are allowed to use?– Ralph, Colon, Michigan
The days of airlines selling you oxygen cylinders are largely over. Now passengers bring their own, FAA-approved portable oxygen concentrators, devices which pull air from the cabin and purify it, rather than delivering oxygen from a tank, which may need to be changed out on a longer flight.
The three major U.S. airlines – Delta, American and United – all allow POCs, though yours must be on their list of approved devices. Passengers using POCs are usually required to provide advance notice to the airline and prove they have an adequate battery supply to last through their journey.
If your own oxygen system is not on your airline's list of approved devices, you can rent one. These devices are often covered by Medicare.
Check your airline's policy for specific details. If you have additional questions, contact the customer care center and ask to speak to someone on their accessibility team. JadeThaiCatwalk/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What are the mechanics of how ice on the wing affects the flight characteristics of a plane?
Ice deforms the shape of the wing, resulting in less lift. It also adds weight to the airplane, further degrading the performance.
During my scariest flight ever, the airplane had deicing boots designed to crack the ice off of the wing, but the ice built up over the boots, resulting in our inability to shed it.
The propellers had heated strips to keep ice from forming, but as the ice left the propellers, some of it would hit the side of the airplane. This happened so frequently that it became almost a constant banging on the airplane.
We had all the heat we could get muster on the windshield but could only see through a small slit. The rest of the windshield was covered in ice. As a result, the flight deck was extremely hot while the rest of the airplane was very cold. Our passengers were uncomfortable for much of the flight.
RayOneMedia/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Is there one particular landing that you remember as being the most difficult?
No, I remember several landing that were challenging but there isn’t one that stand out as the most difficult.
Landing in high winds on ice covered runways was always challenging, as was taxiing in after clearing the runway. Operations in adverse weather takes skill and experience, which is what professional pilots must have. David Goldman/AP
If cabin pressure were lost, how quickly can a plane descend from cruising altitude to an altitude where oxygen masks would no longer be required?
It, of course, depends on the altitude the plane was flying at when the depressurization occurred. Airliners can descent over 8,000 feet per minutes if needed. From 35,000 feet an +/- 8,000 fpm descent would have you down to 11,000 feet in 3 minutes or less. Thinkstock, Getty Images
What is the most stressful flying situation you have ever been in?
When I was 19 years old and flying as a first officer on a corporate airplane in 1972, we flew into icing conditions that were more severe than the airplane deicing equipment could handle.
The airplane iced up badly and began to descend even though we had applied maximum power. Finally we descended out of the clouds into snow. We continued and landed at Erie, Pennsylvania.
The 30 or so minutes in the ice where we knew that we could not stop the descent as the ice continued to increase was the most stressful situation I have faced.
Although it was 48 years ago, I remember it clearly. I learned many lessons that night.
I have never seen that much ice since, and never want to. nycshooter/Getty Images/iStockphoto
When taking off or landing in an area with active forest fires, 1) does it harm the engines (requiring additional inspection or early maintenance) and 2) can you shut off the fresh air intake to the cabin to avoid breathing hazardous air?
The engines vann function in the smoke of a forest fire without damage without requiring additional maintenance.
And no, the bleed air system that brings in outside air into the air conditioning system is not switched off. The need to keep the aircraft pressurized and to have fresh air in the cabin requires that it be left on. Fortunately, the exposure time is short. Virgil McCurdy via Storyful
Because pilots are often male and often ex-military, do they usually lean to the right, politically?
Like any group, there are a wide variety of personalities and political views. And actually, most pilots working today come from civilian training, further diversifying the backgrounds and politics hermosawave/Getty Images/iStockphoto
If an aircraft is having serious mechanical issues in flight that may result in not making to an airport, how much information is given to the passengers as to the condition of the aircraft?
The pilots take care of the issue first. If a diversion is necessary, we explain in general about the problem and the need for the diversion. In the extremely unlikely situation, such as an onboard fire that could not be contained and an off-airport landing is being considered, the pilot would brief the flight attendants and then the passengers.
This gives the flight attendants time to prepare the cabin and passengers for an evacuation once the airplane comes to a stop. Going into great detail about the exact nature of the problem can cause confusion for most of passengers.
The important message is to listen to the flight attendants and follow their instructions. guvendemir, Getty Images
Hearing that planes have filters in the HVAC is reassuring, but what about the small confined space in the toilet? How is that air filtered? I am afraid of contracting the coronavirus from the previous user.
The air in the lavatory is continually changed, as it is in the cabin. Modern toilets in aircraft use a vacuum system to move the waste from the lavatory to the holding tank, as a result when flushed the vacuum system pulls air in. Additionally, there is fresh air continually pumped into the lavatory via one or more air vents.
The small size of the lavatories means that the quantity of air is not large, making is easier to exchange.
Airlines are addressing cleaning lavatory surfaces, too. Getty Images/iStockphoto
When aircraft are taxiing are there motors that assist, or is the plane moved only by engine thrust? And how is it steered?
Today airplanes taxi exclusively on engine thrust. There are tests underway for electric tugs that would tow aircraft to the runway, but they are not in service.
Ground steering is done with the steerable nose wheel. On larger airplanes there is a nose wheel steering wheel to the left of the captain (a few airplanes have a nose wheel steering wheel on the right side, too). This wheel is sometime referred to as the tiller.
The captain is the person who maneuvers the airplane on the ground. He or she carefully keeps the airplane aligned on the taxiways, runway and gate areas. Due to the size of large airplanes, the greatest concern is the inside wheel during a turn, as it is easy to turn early causing the inside wheel to track off of the taxiway. lindenblade, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why have 747 aircraft disappeared from passenger service but are still very popular as freighters?
The 747 can carry a large amount of freight, plus it has great range. The high operating cost is acceptable due to the revenue from the amount of freight (revenue per pound). Passenger flights do no produce the same amount of revenue per pound, hence the cost of operating a 747 can be uneconomical for passenger service but cost-effective for freight. DANIEL SLIM, AFP via Getty Images
Is it possible to fly over a hurricane, and if not, how do you plan flights to go around one?
Yes, you can fly over hurricanes. I have several times. However, you cannot fly over the thunderstorms that are created in some feeder bands. When operating near or over a hurricane, avoiding thunderstorms is paramount.
Usually the dispatcher, or the pilots for smaller operators, monitor where the thunderstorms are and where they are forecast to be. Flights are routed to avoid those areas where the thunderstorms present a threat.
It is possible to overfly a hurricane if the destination is on the other side of the storm. However, some storms can create turbulence at high altitude and that has to be factored in when choosing a route.
Unless there a reason to fly near a hurricane, they are avoided, but if it is necessary, flight can operate on a limited basis. Planes will continue to fly into and out of airports until winds reaches a certain speed (it varies by airport and runway) and then the airport shuts down.
The wind speed limits depends on the direction. If it is blowing down the runway, it is possible to land and take off with 40 knots (46 mph) or more but if it is blowing across the runway, then around 30 knots (35 mph) is the limit. NOAA/GOES/AFP via Getty Images
Statistically speaking, which commercial airliner is safest?
Your question centers on the exposure (number of flights) vs. accidents. Aircraft like the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737NG (which debuted in 1997 and is not to be confused with the 737 Max) have decades of service and millions of flight. There have been accidents but the number is low.
Newer aircraft such as the 787 and A350 and A380 have had no fatal accidents. The B777, A340 and A330 have had very, very few.
As a general rule, each generation of airliners are safer, more comfortable and more capable then previous ones due to lessons learned.
Newer aircraft such as the 787 and A350 and A380 havealso been accident-free to date. The B777, A340 and A330 have had very, very few.
As a general rule, each generation of airliners are safer, more comfortable and more capable then previous ones due to lessons learned. Christof Stache/ AFP via Getty Images
What was the most difficult airport for you to navigate?
The airport that was most challenging for me is actually closed now. That was Meigs Field in Chicago. Airliners did not fly into Meigs, but corporate jets and turboprops did. I flew turboprops into Meigs several times during the 1970s. Occasionally, it was a definite challenge.
When the cloud ceiling was low, getting to the airport required conducting an instrument approach to Chicago Midway Airport. Then once I was below the clouds, I would have then have to rely on visual flight rules to fly to the lake, find Meigs and align with the runway. There were also buildings that had to be avoided during the transition from Midway to the lake. Brian Kersey/AP
What kind of power outlet do most airline seats have? Do any offer a 60cps AC socket?
Many airlines do provide in-seat AC power. It is usually 110-120 VAC at 60Hz (single phase), produced by an inverter. These outlets are safe for laptops and other 110 VAC (Volts Alternating Current) items.
Some carriers can also provide 220-240 VAC for passengers from countries that use 220. Look carefully at the your plug to determine compatibility. (if the plug fits at 60 Hz, single phase, for passengers from countries that use 220 VAC). skyNext/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why don't you report on the lack of experience, training and maintenance standards among foreign carriers?
If I did, it would be inaccurate for many foreign air carriers. There are many air carriers throughout the world that have equal or better training, maintenance and experience to North American airlines.
Some other airlines, have much lower standards for experience, training and maintenance.
Bottom line: An attempt to say that North American Airlines are better than all other airlines is not accurate or truthful. Alexander F. Yuan/AP
My global entry interview appointments keep getting canceled. I cannot travel internationally so I can’t come through customs and immigration to complete the interview process. Has the the 1-year completion deadline been extended or do I have to reapply for global entry?
The bad news is that the Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) Trusted Traveler Program Enrollment Centers will remain closed until at least Sept. 8 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The good news is that that the deadline has indeed been extended.
"All applicants now have 485 days from the date that CBP conditionally approves their application to complete the enrollment process," the Customs & Border Protection website says. "In addition, CBP will extend for up to 18 months the Trusted Traveler Program benefits of members who apply for renewal before their current membership expires."
I suggest you stay in contact and schedule an appointment at the earliest date you can. Also, some of CBP's airport-based enrollment centers are open so check their list of participating sites to see if there's one near you. U.S. Customs and Border Protection
I have visitors who frequently fly from San Diego to Houston, and recently one of their return flights took them over parts of Mexico. There was bad weather at the time but I have never tracked strictly domestic flights flying south of the U.S. border before. Am I missing something or does this routinely happen?
It is routine to fly over the border with Mexico on eastbound flights from Southern California. It is also possible to overfly Canada during a domestic U.S. flight and then cross back into American airspace.
Operators plan flights to be as efficient that they can. If that planning includes crossing a border it, is done and is not a problem. This can also occur when avoiding thunderstorms.
Provided you are under instrument flight rules and talking with air traffic controllers, there is no international paperwork needed. Makhnach_M/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Have air purification systems been improved and how?
The HEPA filters used in most airplanes are very effective. Some airlines have increased the rate of filter replacement.
On most airplanes 75% or more of the air is outside air only, meaning that less than 25% is recirculated. The exchange rate is approximately every three minutes.
The air in airplanes is refreshed more often than most buildings with outside air. KatieDobie/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Would having a mechanical bubble level in the cockpit help a pilot when they become disoriented and not sure of their pitch or side-to-side?
No, due to the G-load during turns, the bubble would not show as level.
This problem was very prevalent during the early days of aviation. Pilots tried various devices to show when they were level during flight in the clouds. None worked very well. Elmer and Lawrence Sperry realized that using a gyroscope would remain stable no matter the attitude of the airplane, this meant that they could display an artificial horizon to the pilot. They first flew with this device in 1914 in a Curtis C-2.
Since then the technology has progressed to the modern ring laser gyro, which provides attitude information to the primary flight displays. Pilots have good information presented to them showing their attitude. Unfortunately, some pilots follow what they are “feeling” instead of what the instruments are telling them. This results in the loss of control (the leading cause of fatalities in aviation). tzahiV/Getty Images/iStockphoto
I had a friend back in the '80s whose father-in-law was a pilot for PanAm. He claimed that Dulles International Airport in D.C. was the most tricky and difficult airport. Your thoughts?
I would respectfully disagree. Dulles is an easy airport to operate in and out. The Reagan National Airport downtown is more challenging. narvikk, Getty Images/iStockphoto
I enjoy sitting on my deck, watching planes overhead and following them on an aviation app. With the decrease of flights due to COVID-19, I now see many flights at elevations of about 40,000 feet, or about 5,000 feet higher than pre-pandemic COVID. Why the change in altitude?
There are at least a couple of reasons for the higher altitudes that you are seeing on the app:
1. Many flights are not as full as they were, so they are lighter and can fly at higher altitudes, which are more fuel-efficient.
2. There is less traffic competing for the higher, more-fuel-efficient altitudes.
Most airliners have maximum certified altitudes of 39,000 to 41,000 feet; a few can go higher but usually do not. Many business jets can fly higher, routinely cruising in the high 40,000s. The maximum altitude for many business jets is 51,000 feet. FTiare, Getty Images/iStockphoto
With the retirement of the 747, this leaves, to the best of my knowledge, the A380 as the only four-engine aircraft in commercial service. Is this the end of aircraft with more than two engines in commercial flights?
The retirement of the 747 is only for passenger service. The “Queen of the Sky” is flying cargo around the world. UPS just took delivery of a new 747-8.
The A380 is flying in passenger service for a very few airlines, and it’s future is in serious question. Sadly, the A380 never lived up to Airbus’ hope for number in service.
The industry changed to wanting more fuel efficiency resulting in the B787 and the A350. Yes, nearly all airliners will be two engines in the future. Engine technology and reliability has matured sufficiently to make is safer and improve efficiency. guvendemir, Getty Images
What should I wear on a plane to not catch COVID-19? I am 76 and healthy.
Follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Most airlines are requiring all passengers wear a mask, and I have seen many people with face shields.
Wiping down the seat, seat belt and area around you can help, even though the airline has cleaned the airplane before you boarded. exithamster, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Am I correct in understanding that the various quarantine requirement policies enacted by several U.S. states do not apply to passengers who are only making connections and not leaving the secure areas of the airport? I cannot fly direct from California to Washington, D.C., without making a connection so this is not a surprise I can afford to get caught up in.
It is a good question. I have looked at numerous websites but cannot find a definitive answer as to whether connecting passengers are exempt from the 14-quarantine rule for visitors from states with high infection rates.
For instance, the FAQs for the quarantine policies in New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut and Chicago say they "do not apply to any individual passing through designated states for a limited duration (i.e., less than 24 hours) through the course of travel." There are also indications on some airline websites that these quarantine rules do not apply to connections may not apply but again, that is not a definitive answer.
I would hope common sense would say that a connecting passenger would not be required to quarantine but I haven't found an official source that confirms that.
To be on the safe side, I suggest you check the websites for the airport as well as the health department COVID-19 page for the state(s) you'll be connecting through. metamorworks/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How is the plane balanced before each flight? Who is responsible for checking this has been done properly?
The loading of the airplane to ensure that is properly balanced is the captain’s ultimate responsibility, as stated in the Federal Aviation Regulations.
Larger operators have specially trained ground agents that supervise the loading and calculations. The captain then reviews it and may sign the document showing his/her approval. Mlenny/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Is it safe to fly to Chicago first class on a nonstop flight? I'm not checking any baggage.
The airlines are doing much more to clean the airplanes between flights. On flights this week, I observed a careful deliberate process for cleaning.
Check with the CDC for guidelines for travel, and with the airline to see if they meet your personal requirements. People have different level of acceptable risk.
However, there is one other thing to be aware of that may change your travel plans: On July 6, Chicago enacted a 14-day quarantine policy for travelers from 15 states, including Florida. kickers/Getty Images
Is is fairly easy to use ultraviolet light in the bathroom to sterilize the contents of the bathroom when passengers are not inside?
The use of UV lighting is being discussed for some parts of the cabin. This technology has some complicating issues but all possible means to sanitize aircraft are being discussed. Getty Images/iStockphoto
How often are the HEPA filters changed out on commercial aircraft? Is it done during a particular inspection frequency or a time limit?
Based on the information I could find, there is not a specific time interval for changing HEPA filter for all airplane types. It varies by manufacturer and most HEPA filter changes are included in the maintenance process scheduled for a specific interval.
What my research did reveal is that almost airlines are changing the filter – which is an easy task – more often than the manufacturer’s recommendation. Juanmonino/Getty Images/iStockphoto
If the HEPA filters on a jetliner recycle 25% of the cabin's air supply, how many cycles do you think it takes to expose an individual to airborne viruses that number in the multi-billions with each cough or even normal respiration?
The exchange rate in aircraft is better than in most buildings, so I think the risk is mitigated somewhat.
It is not possible to answer your questions in number of cycles. I do not think it has been calculated, and the exposure susceptibility of each individual varies.
For a more specific answer, I would suggest you ask the CDC. BlackJack3D/Getty Images
Can turbulence be severe enough to cause a jet engine to break off a wing?
From a practical point, no, a modern airliner will not lose a wing due to turbulence. Modern airlines are very tough and designed to withstand extreme turbulence. In theory it might be possible, but to know knowledge it has not happened to any jet airliner.
In the 1960s, there was a Boeing 707 that encountered severe turbulence that resulted in the vertical fin separating from the aircraft.
There are reports of a Iranian Air Force 747 that encountered turbulence and was lost but the information about the aircraft and circumstances are “sketchy.”
It was not investigated by a traditional investigative agency. I have been in very heavy turbulence for lengthy periods and never worried about the airplane sustaining damage, we landed safely with no damage. guvendemir/Getty Images
Why is a co-pilot now called a first officer?
The term first officer has been in use for decades by most airlines, it has it roots in nautical terminology for the second-in-command.
During World War II, the Air Force (then the Army Air Corps) began using the term co-pilot and the term name eventually became common.
First officer is a more descriptive designation and is consistent with the Navy and marine industry. In older, larger airliners, there was a second officer or flight engineer.
During the days of propeller airliners, the flight engineer was a specially qualified maintenance technician, due to the complexity of operating large radial engines. When jets arrived, most flight engineers were pilots specially trained to operate aircraft systems. AlexeyPetrov/Getty Images/iStockphoto
With all of the cutbacks the airlines are facing, how do the crews keep their minimum flight hours and training current? Will crews need to be retrained when the aviation industry rebounds?– Brian Serafin, Tampa, Florida
This is a significant problem that the airlines and regulators are working on.
Pilot simulator check rides, medical examinations, and line checks are all impacted by the low number of flights.
The FAA has allowed some extensions on check rides and medical exams but the details are still being negotiated.
There will be some retraining required but how that will be accomplished is just one of the complex issues to be resolved.
Like we saw following the 9/11 attacks, putting the aviation system back into the sky is much harder than shutting it down. It will be months before all the training, checkrides and medical examinations are back to “normal.” baranozdemir/Getty Images
Why has it taken so long for the FAA to recertify the 737 Max? After the certification is approved, how long will it take for people feel confident getting on that plane?
Regulators faced a dilemma: was their job only to solve the cause of the Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines crashes – which would have included updating the design of the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) – or reevaluate the entire certification basis of the Max. They elected to take the more conservative approach and reevaluate many of the tests and processes.
Many changes were incorporated as a result of this process. Additionally, regulatory agencies from around the world participated. Beyond the regulatory agencies, there were several independent committees that reviewed the certification process of the 737 Max.
The consequence of all of these reviews were numerous improvements that took time to design, implement and gain regulator approval. Hopefully, the aircraft will fly again in late summer and return to airline service in the fall.
While there will be people that will be reluctant to fly on the plane initially, that number will decrease as the Max proves itself. I’m confident in the recertification process and will personally fly on the 737 Max when it returns to service. Getty Images
Would you take a recreational flight during the pandemic? I know you fly due to the job, but I was wondering about personal travel.
Yes, I would fly recreationally, as long as certain conditions were met. I would need to know that other passengers have not been exposed to anyone with COVID-19 or any other respiratory issues within the previous 14 days. Plus, the airplane needs to be thoroughly sanitized, especially the touch areas (door handles, radio knobs, throttle, etc.), and everyone onboard should be wearing a facial covering. Francisco Seco/AP
In a real situation where the pilot and co-pilot become incapacitated and are unable to fly the plane while in the air, can any onboard FAA-certified small plane pilot be placed into service, or is there a backup emergency in place? Who else could/would do the job of flying and landing?
First, I don’t know of a case where both crew members became incapacitated so we are dealing with a movie script vs reality.
There are a very wide variety of pilots that fly smaller airplanes. Some fly small jets or sophisticated turbo props could easily set up the airliner for an auto landing after talking with an instructor to determine how to program the flight management system.
It would be more difficult for a single-engine private pilot due to the complexities of airliner flight management computers.
There have been cases where non-pilots have landed small airplanes so I would certainly say it is possible. zhuzhu, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why is is it so difficult and extremely frustrating to deboard a plane? Why can't this process be managed better by the airlines? They seem to have the ity and the power to control and regulate and assist, but yet the crew does not do much during this process.
Moving hundreds of people out of a single door in a few minutes is challenging but done successfully thousands of times each day. The deplaning process is usually pretty efficient, as there is a common goal to get off as quickly as possible.
On large airplanes where the boarding door is aft of business class, there can be congestion as deplaning economy passengers merge with business class passengers. Otherwise, it moves pretty quickly.
The current need for social distancing will slow down the process somewhat, at least for the time being. However, the airlines appear to be doing all they can to protect passengers while moving them to their destinations. Getty Images
At the start of the pandemic planes flew with very few or no passengers. Do you notice significant difference in performance in takeoff in near-empty planes versus planes full of passengers?– Vance Carpenter
The number of passengers definitely can change the performance of any airplane. Before every takeoff, the pilots compute the weight and balance of the airplane. This gives them the proper speeds for critical decisions and when to raise the nose and start the climb.
Passenger weights are a part of the overall weight, hence the fewer passengers, the less the weight. Lighter airplanes lift off the runway at lower speed, climb faster, cruise higher and land at a slower speed.
There is definitely a significant difference in a lightweight airplane (few passengers and bags) and a full flight. Getty Images/iStockphoto
How long does it take a new pilot to work up from small, short-flight jets to captaining a transoceanic flight?– Joe Mc.
It can vary greatly. If an airline is growing internationally, that transition can occur in a few years. If the airline is stagnant or shrinking, it may not occur at all.
It also depends on the pilot’s preference to be more senior (having more control of his/her schedule) or fly bigger airplanes (with less control of the schedule).
I was extremely fortunate, from being a new-hire first officer to my initial upgrade to captain was 3½ years, which is very quick. Later in my career, I could have flown larger airplanes internationally but would have been very junior – flying less-desirable trips with little control of my schedule. I chose to fly smaller jets as a more-senior captain to have better control of the schedule. I was also doing air-safety work that took a lot of time, so being senior made adjusting the schedule more important.
There is not a simple answer to your question. Getty Images
What needs to be done to the planes on runway storage due to the lack of travel before they are safe to fly again? – Dave S.
It depends if they are set up for long-term storage or short-term storage.
Airplanes in long-term storage have special preservative oil in the engine and an auxiliary power unit (APU). Covers on all the openings in the airplane and coverings on all the windows. The tires are usually covered, too. To prepare them for service, normal oil has to be put in the engines and APU. The hydraulic system is serviced. All the covers are moved; depending on condition the tires may also be changed. This process is documented by the manufacturer and carefully followed by the maintenance technicians.
Returning an airplane to service takes several days of work.
Airplanes in short-term storage can be returned to service much more quickly, but they require more regular service to run the engines and APU. The airplanes are moved, so the tires are rotated. Ben Stansall/AFP via Getty Images
If planes are so much cleaner and safer in today's world of COVID-19, why are some airlines outfitting their flight crews in hazmat suits? How is this to make me as a passenger feel safe when the airline itself does not feel it is safe for their crews? – D.Baker
Some airlines are taking very conservative approaches to their flight crews. Not all are, and the necessity of the most conservative approaches are not the industry standard. Each person has to make their decision about safety. For me, I think the airplanes are safer than many buildings. I will fly if necessary but hold back of elective (vacation) travel. Getty Images/iStockphoto
Is there a "speed limit" for landings? We live on the edge of the landing pattern for Nashville International Airport. Some commercial airlines come in low and slow with landing gear down. Others come in hot. Private jets usually come in high and hot. Just wondered. Early this week, two Southwest jets came in close together using the same runway. One high and much slower.
There are speed limits in parts of the airspace system. Below 10,000 feet, the speed limit is 250 knots (a knot is equivalent to 1.15 miles per hour so that would be 288 mph).
The speed limit near most airports is 200 knots (230 mph). During an approach to landing, there are many variables that can result in different speeds.
Typically, when flying in good weather within its landing weight range, an airliner will start slowing from 200 knots when it is about seven or eight miles from the runway, first to 170 (196 mph) when it is five miles out and then 140 knots (140 mph) at three miles out.
If weather conditions are bad enough to fly relying on the instruments rather than visual flight rules and the plane is configured to land, it can slow to 140 knots five miles out bfk92/Getty Images
I have been on flights where we had a little turbulence and the fasten seatbelt sign came on. Then things smooth out – no more turbulence – but the light stays on. Do cockpit personnel ever forget the light is on?
When the captain switches on the fasten seat belt light, it is due to information of potential turbulence. We try not to have it on longer than is necessary, but yes, I confess: I have, on occasion, forgotten it was on for a while. fominayaphoto/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Can a plane land on autopilot in case of emergency?
Many autopilot systems are capable of landing the airplane. This is usually the case in very low-visibility conditions. However, it takes a significant amount of training and knowledge to properly program the flight management computer, properly switch the autopilots into the proper modes and then monitor their performance.
Recently, some small airplanes have implemented an emergency system that will automatically land a small airplane on a runway, after advising air traffic control that there is an emergency, evaluating the weather and navigating to the runway. It is very sophisticated using a lot of artificial intelligence. It is highly likely that this technology will expand. Johannes Eisele/AFP via Getty Images
How can it be verified that the HEPA filters on aircraft for the circulated air system are cleaned?
You can ask the airline for the cleaning or replacement intervals for their HEPA (high energy particulate arrestance) filters. It is unlikely that a reservation agent will know but if you submit a question via their website, they may be able to give you an answer.
From what I have read, the filters are being changed more frequently. They are a focus item as they recognize the critical importance of passengers feeling safe onboard. alex_ugalek/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What would it take for airline companies to demand that manufacturers install air filtration systems that would remove 95% or better of 0.3 micron particulates, which would include most viruses?
The HEPA (high energy particulate arrestance) filters on board commercial jets already perform that level of filtration. Most airliners recycle 25-30% of the air in the cabin. The air that is being recycled passes thru the HEPA filter and traps particles, including viruses.
The remaining 70-75% of the air is exhausted overboard. Turnover time for in the cabin for a single-aisle jet like an A320 or B737 is around three minutes.
This means that the exposure possibilities are only from the time the particulate/virus is exhaled until it goes overboard or to the filter. This would be similar to any building where the exhaled particles would be routed into a air return duct then filtered. Sucharas wongpeth/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What was your worst experience during a check ride?
First things first: What's a check ride? That's when an FAA pilot examiner, or check airman, rides along with a student pilot or a licensed pilot hoping to advance to the next level to evaluate their skills. Additionally, pilots have their proficiency evaluated on a regular basis. Airline pilots maybe evaluated 2 or 3 times a year. A check airman (a pilot designated by the FAA or appropriate regulator to do evaluations) will run the simulator providing various emergencies, take offs and landings to ensure a pilot is safe.
On very rare occasions, the check airman doing the evaluation will set out to prove that he/she know a lot more than you do by criticizing nearly everything you do. All you can do is fly the check ride to the best of your ability, and then rate the check airman in the survey after the simulator session is over. But generally, it's not a fun experience.
Fortunately, nearly all the check rides I have taken have been given by very professional men and women. I learned a lot and enjoyed the experience.
It helped that I worked in my airline's training department for three years and understood what the examiner doing the grading is going through too. osheaphotography/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What is your best, semi-educated guess on when air travel will return to normal after the pandemic is over? Where would you rank this among previous slowdowns such as 9/11 and the 2008 economic downturn?
Those are hard questions. The commercial aviation industry's return to normalcy will probably be gradual, as it was after 9/11 and the recession of 2008.
I am hopeful that traffic will begin to return early in the summer and grow from there. I intend to travel as soon as possible.
This is as devastating as 9/11 to the industry, and perhaps worse since the scope of coronavirus is worldwide. Jeff Swensen/Getty Images
Given the pandemic, would you be confident in booking international travel for the early part of 2021?
Many airlines are stating their operations will be much smaller with a drastic decline in demand. Yes, I would travel internationally in early 2021.
The airlines will be different, the number of flight will probably not be a high as prior to the pandemic, but there will be sufficient flights.
It is impossible to predict what the status of the COVID-19 virus will be at that time, so monitoring the CDC recommendations is a good precaution. narvikk/Getty Images
Do you feel that air travel domestically is currently safe, given all the cleaning and people wearing masks?
Yes, If I needed to travel, I would fly. The higher risk is the interaction with people on the ground. I support the practice of social distancing and based on what I have seen, the airlines are doing a good job of cleaning the airplanes.
I am looking forward to returning to regular travel once the pandemic is under control. VALERIE MACON/AFP via Getty Images
Are Boeing and Airbus still making airplanes?
Yes, both companies are producing airplanes.
Airbus is still building the A320NEO, A321NEO, A330NEO, and A350s but has reduced the production rate for all of their models.
Boeing is making B767s, 787s and military airplanes (e.g. P-8 and KC-46).
The 737 Max is beginning to return to production and will be returning to service this summer if all goes well.
However, the airlines that ordered those planes are negotiating for changes in the delivery schedules, impacting the demand. JASON REDMOND/AFP via Getty Images
I'm a de-icing agent in New England, where we just got another round of winter weather. Before we start spraying, the pilots ask us to hold on while they configure the aircraft (B737, A319/320/321, Emb175/195's). What is it they're "configuring?"
They are positioning the flaps/slats and stabilizer into the proper positions for de-icing.
Each model aircraft has a specific configuration for de-icing that is stated in the airplane flight manual. wwing/Getty Images
How long can an auxiliary power unit (APU) be stored before it needs to be run?
Usually, all the systems, including the auxiliary power unit APU, are run weekly, unless the airplane is set up for long-term storage.
In that case, long-term storage special oil is used that preserves the APU and it is not run again until the airplane is being prepared to return to service.
In short-term storage the APU is run weekly. In many airliners, the APU air is used to turn the pneumatic starter for the engines, which needs to be run weekly themselves. aapsky/Getty Images/iStockphoto
As aircraft are stored throughout the country due to the decline in travel, what work will be necessary to place them back into daily usage?
The longer an airplane has been stored, the more that has to be done to return it to service.
Engines need to be run regularly or properly set for long-term storage. In addition, aircraft either need to be rolled at least weekly to keep the tires from going flat. All the necessary plugs and covers must be installed to protect vulnerable areas.
When an airplane is scheduled to for return to service, maintenance teams remove those plugs and covers, check all the fluid levels and tire pressure and test all the systems. It's also common to run test flights to ensure it's ready to safely carry passengers and cargo again. Kirby Lee/USA TODAY Network
Do airline cabins have special breathing masks?
Airlines have masks for dispensing oxygen to passenger who may require it due to a medical issue that arises in flight. There are also oxygen masks that deploy automatically if the cabin loses pressurization. Those are the only masks in the cabin.
If you are inquiring about medical-style surgical masks, most onboard medical kits contain one or two for use by medical professionals in case they have to treat a passenger if they become ill while in flight. Thinkstock/Getty Images
Why is the quality of the Captain's public address system so bad compared to the ones that the flight attendants use? I often can hardly hear the Captain's in-flight announcement once the plane is in the air.
It varies dramatically from airplane to airplane. One consideration is that the pilots can only barely hear their PAs, while the flight attendants hear theirs clearly. As a result, if something is wrong a flight attendant's PA, it will be reported to maintenance, whereas the pilots may even not be aware their is garbled. So if you notice that is the case, mention it to them as you pass the cockpit on your way out. YakobchukOlena/Getty Images/iStockphoto
On the runways of every airport there are black marks where the tires of the landing gear touch down. Over a period of time does the rubber build up to the point that it becomes unsafe and has to be removed?
Yes, the buildup of rubber deposits can adversely affect the braking on a runway when it is wet. A typical airliner with deposit approximately a pound of rubber per tire during a landing. High-use runways build up tire deposits frequently. Most airports have a runway maintenance plan that includes cleaning the deposits. This cleaning is often done at night when the demand is lower. There are a variety of ways to clean the runway, including high pressure water, solvents or a combination. Jupiterimages/Getty Images
Are pilots wearing masks inside the cockpit when they fly during the coronavirus pandemic?
I have seen some cargo pilots wear full hazmat suits with masks if they were flying to areas where the virus threat is high. Otherwise, the pilots I have spoke with are not wearing masks. Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images
What were cockpit security measures when you started flying and what are they like now?
When I started with Piedmont Airlines in 1980, we locked the flight deck door. Now the doors are much stronger and the locking mechanism is better. We did some passenger screening but nothing like today. Back then, security was focused on hijacking for political or monetary extortion. Terrorism was confined to a very limited number of countries far away from our route structure. Today, security is one of the primary focuses of airline operations. Eric Cabanis, AFP/Getty Images
What are U.S. domestic carriers and their regional partners doing to ensure their aircraft and gates are properly sanitized amid coronavirus concerns?
Every airline has increased cleaning, using EPA-approved cleaning agents that are designed to kill viruses and bacteria. Most airlines are also cleaning the cabins multiple times a day, followed by a more extensive cleaning when the planes are on the ground overnight. They also use HEPA filters, which can completely change a plane's air supply up to 30 times per hour. Inside the airports, they're wiping down counters, kiosks, seating and team areas and providing hand-sanitizing stations. Southwest Airlines
What are U.S. domestic carriers and their regional partners doing to ensure their aircraft and gates are properly sanitized amid coronavirus concerns?
Every airline has increased cleaning, using EPA-approved cleaning agents that are designed to kill viruses and bacteria. Most airlines are also cleaning the cabins multiple times a day, followed by a more extensive cleaning when the planes are on the ground overnight. They also use HEPA filters, which can completely change a plane's air supply up to 30 times per hour. Inside the airports, they're wiping down counters, kiosks, seating and team areas and providing hand-sanitizing stations.
You can check individual airlines' websites to see exactly what they are doing. Southwest Airlines
We are traveling from the U.S. to Ixtapa, Mexico, where we plan to stay for a month. If they decide to cancel all international flights, will we be notified in time to get 真人百家家乐官网网站home before they cancel?
It is extremely unlikely that the airlines will cancel all international flights. Plus, Mexico is not one of the countries with a serious outbreak of the virus. (As of Wednesday, that country had fewer than 10 cases.) You would be notified as soon as you flight was changed or canceled, but it is impossible to tell when that would be as each airline is different. I suggest you check with your airline regularly just before you fly and while you are in Mexico. Stina Stjernkvist/AP
I was wondering if today’s airliners such as the popular 737 or A320 with the horizontal stabilizer mounted near the bottom of the tail take off at a lower angle than those like the MD-88 or similar, where the horizontal stabilizers are at the top? I always felt with the MD-88, old 727, etc that takeoff would occur at a very steep angle.
There is little difference between the climb angle for airliners. The angle is more dependent on the weight of the airplane and the temperature. When airplanes are more lightly loaded (fewer passengers, less cargo, less fuel) and/or when the temperature is cold, the climb angle will be higher. Regional jets without leading-edge slats climb at a lower angle initially but the difference decreases as the speeds are increased. Chris O'Meara/AP
Flying in turbulence one time, I noticed that the wings seemed to be “bouncing” up and down as the plane was buffeted. How much flexibility do the wings have?
Wing can flex much more than most people realize. During testing, the Boeing 787 wings was flexed 26 feet upward before failing. Aircraft designers calculate the maximum stress they anticipate a wing will experience in flight, then make it able to withstand 50% more as a safety margin. This means that the loads on the wing are well within the safe range.
Compared to earlier jets, today's aircraft have longer, thinner wings that are more flexible, more fuel efficient and provide a softer ride. Elaine Thompson/AP
Have you ever flown with Chesley Sullenberger III?
I have known Captain Sullenberger for over 30 years and flown with him several times. We were so close in seniority that we never flew as a crew but I flew on his jumpseat and he flew on my jumpseat. I appreciate his friendship and the professionalism he displays. Chuck Burton/AP
How long do you have to spend at each airline's training center to qualify to fly their planes?
The training is very intense. Once a pilot reports for training at a carrier's training center, it usually takes around four to six weeks to get through ground school, advanced flight deck training and full flight simulator. Sometimes the scheduling requirements for the training devices can slow the process. ROSLAN RAHMAN/AFP/Getty Images
What is the oddest or rudest thing you have seen on a plane or in an airport?
One memorable case was a lady who was berating one of the flight attendants for not waiting on her fast enough or providing her with more alcohol (which she did not need). The flight attendant advised me of the situation and I went back to talk with the lady. She loudly told me to turn around and have the flight attendant bring her a drink. That was not a wise move on her part.
The police were called, I told them to remove her from the plane and they asked her to go with them. Initially, she was belligerent to them, too. But after they informed her she could either comply or be arrested, she wisely decided to listen. Suzanne Hanover/Universal Studios
Do you miss Pan Am?
Yes, Pan American World Airways was an aviation institution for decades. They were America’s “Flag Carrier” for many years and a major reason why the Boeing 747 was so successful.
Sadly, as the industry changed, the airline was unable to meet the changing demands and went out of business in 1991. Still, Pan Am will forever be an aviation icon. Tim Dillon/USA TODAY
What would you do if you had to quarantine your plane mid-air because someone had coronavirus?
If a person becomes ill inflight, crews are trained to provide first aid. Additionally, many airlines have a medical specialist available via phone or radio patch. If the passenger is ill and needs more medical attention, the captain can decide to divert.
If there is a question about a contagious disease, then the medical professionals at the diversion airport would have to determine if a quarantine were necessary. Z Long/AP
I've noticed that a commercial jet will arrive, de-plane, board and then take off again. How long does a plane go at this pace before a scheduled maintenance check on the engines and other systems?
For the sake of cost efficiency, most airlines do progressive maintenance which minimizes the down time. At least every two days, line maintenance teams perform a visual check, fluid level check and tire pressure check. This “daily check” also provides the mechanics a good opportunity to look for system abnormalities.
Every few days, the airplane is scheduled to spend time at a maintenance base, undergoing part of a more thorough maintenance examination.
Every couple of years, the airplane is taken out of service for a what's called a "heavy" maintenance check. During this process, nearly all access panels are opened and parts of the plane – including the interior – are removed for closer inspection. Any corrosion is repaired and many other tasks are accomplished. After passing the heavy checklist, the airplane is again ready to fly several thousand hours per year. Carlos Calvo/United Airlines
Are there any specific for cleaning the plane after a patient suspected of having coronavirus or some other contagious illness has left the plane?
Yes, there are specific maintenance procedures for cleaning an aircraft after suspected contamination. This would not be specific to the coronavirus (coronavirus is a family of viruses; the specific one to which you refer is 2019-NCoV). Any contamination is treated the same, with disinfectant procedures. This is part of an airline's emergency response plan for contaminants. ATTILA KISBENEDEK/AFP via Getty Images
Why are passengers that appear sick not required to wear masks? Stop it at the source!
If a passenger is ill, he or she may not be allowed to travel. That decision is up to the regulators and the airline. However, I do not know of a legal means (i.e. a regulation) that could require a passenger to wear a mask. NOEL CELIS/AFP via Getty Images
I’m traveling to Romania in May for a vacation. Should I be concerned about the coronavirus at the airport or on the plane at that point?
The coronavirus situation currently affecting much of China has been changing on a daily basis and is likely to be dramatically different by May. Hopefully, it will be over by then.
In the meantime, check the websites for the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control for the latest information including recommendations regarding traveling. filo/Getty Images
How can we protect babies and infants from coronavirus since they can't wear masks?
The virus is spread by inhaling droplets from an infected person, or by your hands picking up the virus and then touching your eyes.
Keep your child away from people that are sneezing or coughing. Regularly washing their hands and your own for at least 20 seconds after each bathroom trip and before meals will also provide some protection.
Infectious disease experts say both of those tips are better defenses against coronavirus or any influenza-like illness than the surgical masks sprouting up at airports around the world. encrier/Getty Images/iStockphoto
I’m scheduled to fly Feb. 17 from LAX to Thailand connecting through Hong Kong. I know the current coronavirus situation seems to be changing daily. How safe is it to be traveling by airplane and through these airports?
On Jan. 30, the World Health Organization declared 2019-nCOV a world crisis and the U.S. State Department issued its most severe warning level for China, advising Americans not to travel to any part of China unless absolutely necessary.
Following the recommendation of the U.S. State Department is wise. But if you must travel, there are other connection points you can use to get to Thailand. Contact your airline and see what other cities for connections are available outside China. Vincent Yu/AP
I have heard about this coronavirus and it has me very scared about flying with my 10-week-old baby. I am mainly scared about being on the plane with the circulating air conditioning system and that if someone on the plane has it, we would breathe in their air. I have bought 2 P2 face masks; however, those will be far too big for my baby. What do you think?
The 2019-nCoV virus is the specific virus that is commonly being referred to as coronavirus. Corona is a family of viruses including the common cold.
The Centers for Disease Control says that transmission of the virus occurs by droplets from coughing or sneezing or direct contact.
Air on airplanes is filtered through HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters which should trap any droplets. Another factor that works in your favor is that the fact that the air on planes is extremely dry, which is not conducive to the virus. The CDC recommends frequent hand washing as the most effective way to prevent contracting a virus.
While the flight from New Zealand to Houston is long, you will be breathing filtered air that is changed frequently. macky_ch/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How often are the interior air filters changed in international planes if they ever are changed?
Usually, the main HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters are changed when the airplane is in maintenance, which is about once a month. This can vary from airplane type to airplane type and airline to airline.
I could not find exact intervals but based on talking with some maintenance personnel, this estimate appears to be accurate. Sinenkiy/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What is ice fog and how dangerous is it? Can a plane fly safely in it? Ice fog happens when supercooled droplets form fog when the temperature is below freezing. At those temperatures, a cloud is usually made up of ice crystals. Occasionally, there are supercooled droplets that freeze on contact with the airplane. Good de-icing systems are essential in such conditions.
Flying through this condition in a modern airliner with good de-icing equipment is safe. However, when the airplane is on the ground, a layer of ice can form on the airplane that may make it impossible to take off. Many airlines prohibit operations in freezing rain or freezing drizzle. borchee/Getty Images
Why would pilots dump fuel before landing the airplane?
Airplanes frequently depart the airport heavier than the maximum landing weight allowed – the threshold at which a given aircraft can sustain a very hard landing without damage. During a normal flight, the plan is to burn fuel so the plane's weight will below that number by the time it lands.
However, if an airplane encounters a technical problem or passenger medical issue and needs to make an emergency landing early in a flight, they won't have had a chance to burn enough fuel to reduce the weight below the maximum landing weight. This means the flight crew has to quickly get rid of excess weight and the easiest way to do that is by dumping fuel. Matt Hartman/AP
Recently there seems to be an increase in aircraft sliding off a taxiway or runway. Are the conditions not safe enough for them to be flying or is it just a matter of the ground crew needing to do a better job of clearing the surface?
In very inclement weather with slick taxiways, the chances of aircraft sliding off the paved surfaces increase. It can be safe to operate the aircraft based on previous reports but still find that the taxiway is slicker than anticipated due to changing conditions. Pilots taxi very carefully when conditions exist where sliding is possible. Ground crews do a wonderful job of clearing snow and ice from the surfaces, but there are limits to what they can do. Ryan Soderlin, Omaha World-Herald via AP
In freezing conditions, with ice on the runway, how safe is the anti-skid braking system on a modern jet?
The modern jet’s anti-skid system is very good. I have landed on ice-covered runways many times using the anti-skid system to safely stop the airplane. Pilots listen carefully to other landing airplanes for descriptions of the stopping ability on the runway.
Runway conditions can change quickly, requiring judgment and experience by the pilot to determine whether it is safe to proceed. This system has worked very well for many decades to ensure the safety of landing aircraft. Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why, after a plane has crashed into the water, do investigators put the "black box" back in water?
If a flight data recorder is recovered from the water, it is submerged in fresh, clean water to prevent deposits such as salt or minerals from drying out within the device.
When the technicians at the laboratory are ready to download the data, they take the recorder out of the freshwater bath, carefully open it and dry any sections that have been exposed to water. They then download the data into special computers that can read the information. AlexLMX/Getty Images/iStockphoto
I've been on a lot of flights where the plane seems to turn soon after takeoff. Why is this and is there a minimum altitude the plane must reach before it can be done?
At many airports, there is a departure procedure requiring the pilot to fly a specific heading. This is loaded into the flight management computer.
The normal minimum altitude for turns is 400 feet. Some operators have slightly higher minimum altitudes for turns. the_guitar_mann/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What happens if one of the pilots become disabled in flight?
Both pilots are fully qualified to take off and land. In the event a pilot becomes incapacitated, the other pilot would divert the airplane to the nearest suitable airport, declare an emergency and safely land the airplane.
In larger airplanes, if it were the captain that became incapacitated, then they would have to stop on the runway because only the left side of the airplane has the nose steering wheel used for taxiing. The first officer, who sits on the right, would not be able to taxi the airplane. Chalabala/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Do military aircraft have priority in shared airfields?
Whether the military plane receives priority fueling or takeoff depends on the types of aircraft involved and the fuel situation.
Certain types of military airplanes do have priority. Recovering fighters that are low on fuel will have priority. Military transport planes are treated like airliners. guvendemir/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Do flight/cabin crews have fun holiday traditions?
For many operators, uniform restrictions are relaxed a bit during the holidays. Flight crews are creative so some of the most humorous holiday neckties available will be worn with pride. Santa hats replace the traditional uniform hats and holiday pins are added to uniform jackets.
Some crews will bring battery power lights to enhance the galley area and to spread holiday cheer. EXTREME-PHOTOGRAPHER/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What were your best and worst experiences working on Christmas?
My best working Christmas experience was a 3-day trip that left Christmas Eve and returned late on the day after Christmas (Boxing Day). I was a first officer at the time. The captain brought the crew together and told us, “I know all of us would rather 真人百家家乐官网网站home with families, but we are not. So let’s make the absolute best of it.” That set the tone for the trip.
At most stops, one of us would go into the airport and return with something for the crew. Chocolate and mints were the favorites. On the overnights, we had nice dinners and enjoyed the company of each other. On Christmas Eve, there was a toast to all those working that night. It was a very memorable trip.
My worst Christmas wasn’t too difficult: we were scheduled to get 真人百家家乐官网网站home Christmas Eve, but weather and mechanical problems delay our return until early Christmas afternoon. eyegelb/Getty Images/iStockphoto
On every flight I take, I hear an announcement to raise my seat back and close my tray table (typically before landing). But I don't believe I ever heard an announcement that I may recline my seat and open my tray table. Why isn't that announced? When is it OK to recline my seat and open my tray table?
For takeoff, once the airplane is airborne, you may open your tray table and recline your seat.
For landing, tray tables must be stowed and seats in the upright position for the landing and taxi phases. This is normally done when the airplane is descending through 10,000 feet.
There are requirements for the tray table to be stowed and the seat to be in the upright position so there are announcements. There is no requirement to recline or open the tray table; hence, no announcements. bradleyhebdon/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How safe are commercial airports with short runways?
Commercial airports certified by 14 CFR Part 139 (the Federal Aviation Administration's regulation governing facility approval) are very safe.
Runway length is carefully calculated before every takeoff and landing with good safety margins. Pilots know that the runway length is short so they pay special attention to touchdown points and approach speeds. Kesu01/Getty Images/iStockphoto
If you had a choice to fly the Airbus or Boeing, which would you prefer?
I am asked this question frequently, it is very hard to answer. I flew the Boeing 737 for 15 years and the Airbus A320 for six years and thoroughly enjoyed both of them.
Each had their strong points and their not-so strong-points. The A320 was more comfortable on long flights, due to the larger flight deck and lack of a control column (it has a side stick). The 737 was the best airplane I have ever flown in a crosswind. Both are reliable workhorses of our transportation system.
Picking one over the other is like asking me to pick my favorite child ... I like them both! AIRBUS
In light of the 737 Max debacle, do you still feel that the automatic stabilizer trim systems on modern aircraft are a valuable enhancement?
The 737 Max issues are very, very complex. In the case of the Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines crashes, a sensor failed, causing its stabilizer trim to push the nose down. This caused a very unbalanced condition as the pilots were trying to command nose up. The stabilizer trim system normally balances the aerodynamic forces on the tail. But in the two MAX accidents, it was mispositioned by the aircrafts' Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS).
The MCAS on those planes also lacked redundancy and did not have a limit on activation. Other automatic trim systems have redundancy and a proven track record (they have been in use since the 1980s). Like any flight control system, the redundancy and testing must be robust for a trim system, manual or automatic.
There are many lessons to be learned from the Max, many of which should help make the next generation of airliners safer and more robust. Skyhobo/Getty Images
What aspect of commercial aviation do you feel currently needs the most review and reform?
Pilot training in the upcoming years is probably the most difficult issue facing commercial aviation. The upcoming aviators must be to adapt to increasingly complex airspace, in increasingly complex airplanes while maintaining the ability to fly and navigate manually if necessary. Properly diagnosing and responding to unexpected situations is a critical skill that comes from experience and training. Ivanushka/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Is there a term for restarting stalled airline jet engines in flight?
If the engine has failed, pilots say the engine has flamed out. Restarting a flamed out engine is known as a relight. olaser/Getty Images
What were your best and worst experiences working on Thanksgiving? The Thanksgivings I worked often included several hotels taking special care of the flight crews with turkey and all the trimmings. We appreciated the hospitality and the realization that we missed our time with our family to get our passengers to their families.
The worst was when there were weather problems causing delays or cancelation. We know that there are very few options for passengers due to airplanes being full. We did all we could but there were stranded passengers and holiday plans that were affected. Spencer Platt/Getty Images
Which cities or airports do you enjoy flying into during the holiday season?
Seeing the holiday lights in many cities is a special experience. New York and Boston are especially noteworthy as you come over the water toward the city dressed in their “holiday” best.
When there is time to enjoy it, seeing New York with all the holiday decorations, and the children’s excitement is always fun.
New Year’s Eve was special when I was in cities with fireworks. Andres Kudacki/AP
How do pilots train for flying into airports where the airline has never flown?
Before a new airport is added to a route system, it is evaluated by training pilots to ensure all necessary information is provided to the crews.
If an airport is in a tricky location, it may require that the pilots be accompanied by an instructor on their first flight there. This was the case when my airline opened service into Mexico City International Airport, which sits more than 7,000 feet above sea level and is surrounded by the Sierra Madres. On my first trip there, an instructor pilot was in the jumpseat to advise us of any special considerations and to evaluate our performance. stockcam/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Can pilots request a different takeoff runway when they think a different one will work better?
Pilots can request a different runway but there usually needs to be an operational need in order for it to be granted. For example, if the noise abatement runway is shorter, and the flight is heavily loaded, the pilots would have legitimate operational grounds for requesting the longer runway. But requesting a different runway just to shorten taxi time is not considered sufficient need. Jag_cz/Getty Images/iStockphoto
I believe aircraft have de-icing mechanisms. What is the difference between these and, say, a windshield defroster, and why couldn't they be used in place of having wings sprayed with de-icing solution?
Inflight de-icing equipment de-ices only the leading edges of the wings, propellers and sometimes the tail. Other parts of the airplane, such as the windshield and pitot tubes, are heated to prevent ice buildup. On the ground, ice forms on the entire surface of the airplane, resulting in significant weight and the distortion of the airflow, which is potentially dangerous. Consequently, ice must be completely removed from the airplane before takeoff. Heated fluid knocks the ice off the airplane, then a thick gel is applied, so any ice or snow that falls will not stick to the airplane and will blow off during the takeoff roll. This gel is effective for only a limited time, requiring pilots to refer to tables to determine how long the period between de-icing and takeoff can be. Trying to heat the entire airplane would require a very large amount of hot air and a very heavy mechanism; therefore, it is not efficient. Alexa Welch Edlund, Richmond Times-Dispatch via AP
Why don’t airlines stress strongly to passengers that they should leave overhead bins closed during emergency evacuations?
Passengers who attempt to retrieve overhead luggage during and evacuation put themselves and others at risk. It is critical that people leave their luggage and concentrate on getting out of the airplane quickly. Airlines try to emphasize this, but too many passengers do not pay attention. Curtis Compton/AP
If pilots are trained to fly specific planes, what happens when to a pilot when that particular plane is retired? For example, the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 was recently retired, so what happens to MD-80 pilots?
Pilots change airplanes several times during a career. Moving to a new airplane requires attending ground school, passing a written exam, passing a verbal exam, completing a simulator course, passing a simulator evaluation, passing a line-oriented training evaluation, and passing the initial operating experience evaluation.
If all goes smoothly, the training and evaluations take around six weeks.
When airplanes are retired, such as the MD-80, all the pilots bid for new assignments. Usually, a pilot's seniority determines his or her next aircraft. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren/USA TODAY
How long does it take for a pilot to get promoted to captain or to a new aircraft?
It varies depending on the carrier. Thanks to the rapid expansion of my airline (US Airways), I was able to upgrade in a little over three years, which was very quick. Friends of mine waited over 10 years to upgrade.
The growth of the airline and the rate of retirements are the two most significant determining factors. Once a pilot has a captain bid, it is not a guarantee that they will upgrade. All of the training must be completed successfully and all the evaluations completed before flying your first trip as a captain.
Upgrading is one of the largest highlights in a pilot’s career. We all remember our first captain trip. It is the culmination of decades of experience, effort, and training.
venuestock/Getty Images
How do pilots prepare for an early or red-eye flight? Are there sleep requirements? Are you as tired flying a 5 a.m. flight as passengers are?
Red-eye flights are challenging. There are rest requirements for pilots before reporting for duty but it is still tiring to work when your circadian rhythms are low (usually around 4 a.m. body-clock time). Many pilots will try and get a nap before a late-night flight to help mitigate fatigue.
For very early flights, the best choice is to get to sleep as early as possible. This is easier said than done, particularly when there are numerous time zone changes from your 真人百家家乐官网网站home.
Fatigue is a challenge for all flight crew members, especially when crossing time zones. mnbb/Getty Images/iStockphoto
In your experience, what do pilots make of passengers clapping upon landing? (Do they generally take it as a compliment or an insult?)
It always caused me to smile. The appreciation of executing a challenging approach and landing is a compliment.
Often, pilots feel that we are just doing our jobs when faced with a challenging approach and landing. We use experience and very good training to ensure the safety of the flight. gorodenkoff/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How tricky is it to land with one or more blown tires? How many can you have and still land safely? Is it better to have the front or rear ones blow?
Most airliners have two or more tires in each position (left main, right main and nose). Certification standards require that a safe landing can be made with one tire deflated when there are two or more tires in that position.
I have landed with a deflated main gear tire without a problem. There have been cases of airliners landing with a deflated nose gear problem with no difficulties. In cases where there are more than two tires on the main gear, such as a large airplane, losing one tire would be less of an issue than one of two nose gear tires. CatEyePerspective/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How do pilots cope with cold/flu season? Can they take over-the-counter meds like cough syrup or Sudafed, etc. within a certain time range before a flight? How far in advance do they have to call in sick?
Colds are a challenge for all flight crew members. It is essential that pressure changes in the cabin can be equalized in the inner with clear eustachian tubes. Colds can block those tubes making impossible to equalize the pressure. This can be very serious.
Over-the-counter medications can help but pilots must be very careful about what medications are taken prior to flight. There are lists of approved medications and any restrictions that are available to passengers. There are some antihistamines that can be taken but most cough syrups contain ingredients that are not approved. There are some cough drops that are ok. If a pilot is taking cold medication that require a number of hours before a flight, they must adhere to that restriction.
When a flight crew member knows that they will be unable to fly due to illness, including a cold, the sooner they let crew scheduling know the better. In most cases, this happens no later than the day before the trip is scheduled to begin. globalmoments/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Most of the country is preparing to turn their clocks back on Nov. 3. How much of a pain is this for flight crews and dispatchers? And do they have as much trouble as the rest of us telling time in places like Arizona where they don't observe daylight savings time?
Twice a year, we are reminded of the change on those very early Sunday mornings. When on short overnight stays with outbound flights the following morning, I have seen messages from dispatchers saying, “Please remember that tonight is the change to/from daylight saving time.” This is so that crews can make sure their alarm clocks are set properly for the morning.
Flights that are already in progress at the time of the change are not affected due to the use of Universal Coordinated Time, the world-wide standard. It does not change.
The very few areas that do not change are a challenge for crews to remember which time zone they are in during the time of the year. Is Arizona on Mountain or Pacific time? In reality, they do not change from Mountain Standard Time, but part of the year they are in the same time zone as Denver and the other part of the year, they are on Los Angeles time. gud_zyk/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Last weekend, a JetBlue flight had to divert due to smoke and an “electrical smell” in the cockpit. What might cause that, how big of a deal is it and has it ever happened to you?
An electrical smell must be considered a potential fire until it can be conclusively determined otherwise. Usually, it is a cooling fan or some other electrical device that is hot but not a true fire. The JetBlue crew did the right thing in diverting. An in-flight fire is one of the most serious conditions a pilot can face, therefore it is taken very seriously.
FAA reports indicate that smoke or smell events do happen. Fortunately, actual fires are very, very rare and pilots train for this situation.
I, too, have experienced electrical smells and light smoke in the flight deck. We were able to determine the source and isolate the problem component. JetBlue Airways
Do any other airports have wrap-around taxiways like Victor in Atlanta? It seems like a brilliant design solution.
Wraparound, or end-around taxiways (EATs), as they're known in the USA, allow aircraft to taxi around the end of a runway instead of crossing it. They're both safer, reducing the risk of runway incursions, and more efficient, letting the runways be actual runways.
In addition to Hartsfield-Jackson in Atlanta (ATL), you can also find them at Detroit Metro (DTW) and Dallas-Fort Worth. DFW also has two more under construction, with the first targeted for completion by 2021 and the second to follow in 2023. (New end-around taxiways must be pre-approved by the Federal Aviation Administration.) Optimal Geomatics, Inc.
Can you be afraid of heights and still be an airline pilot?
A true fear of heights could pose a problem even for airplane passengers. It would certainly be an issue for a pilot. That said, there is a difference between truly being afraid of heights and being fearful of falling, from say, the edge of a skyscraper.
I know many pilots who say they don't like "heights" but their concern is more about feeling uncomfortable looking down from a building or other edges. However, they are comfortable in airplanes.
You could take a flight to see how you feel and help determine if being a pilot is right for you. Senohrabek, Getty Images/iStockphoto
I've noticed that the wings aren’t placed in the middle of the plane but at nearly the rear of the plane. Why is this?
I would not say that wings near the rear of the plane, but they are not always in the exact middle as designers seek the best location for the loading envelope and to improve fuel efficiency.
Wing placement is decided based on fuel efficiency and on the loading capabilities (weight and balance). Wings create lift, keeping the plane in the air. They are balanced by the small wing in the tail known as the horizontal stabilizer. This wing is upside down so the lift is created downward. By balancing the two points of lift, the pilots can maintain control of the airplane. frankpeters, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Can you explain windshear and the effects that has on airplanes?
Windshear is the amount of change in wind direction or velocity over a short distance. This can be a source of turbulence as the airplane travels through a changing air mass.
One example of windshear's effect on an airplane could be a change in the ground speed. As a tailwind becomes a headwind, the ground speed would slow down. In extreme cases, a change in direction can cause a loss of airspeed with a resulting reduction in lift. Chalabala/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why have a bag on the oxygen system if it doesn't inflate?
The design of passenger oxygen systems is a continuous flow design. This means that the oxygen generator in the overhead creates oxygen at a given rate, as you breath in, it exceeds the rate of production do the excess in the bag is used.
During the time when you are not inhaling, the bag is refilled with oxygen. It may not fully inflate during this process. Fortunately, the time a passenger would needs oxygen is short due to the pilots descending to lower altitude were there is sufficient oxygen. Thinkstock/Getty Images
An hour into American Airlines Flight 4582 on Sept. 1, another plane flew past us in the opposite direction at the same altitude (35,000 ft.) and couldn't have been more than 500 ft away from us. I mentioned it to the flight attendant, who then spoke with the captain, and she came back and said the pilot said he saw the other plane but it was at least 500 ft away. That seems way too close to me. Would that be considered a near miss? It scared me!
At jet cruising altitudes the minimum vertical separation is 1,000 feet. The airplane you saw may have looked closer but it was at least 1,000 feet different altitude.
If two airplanes were at the same altitude, the air traffic controller would receive an alarm and both flight crews would receive an alarm on their Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). This multi-redundant systems works very well and midair collisions are extremely rare.
I appreciate that it scared you, but your captain told you the truth. The opposite direction traffic was vertically separated by over 1,000 feet. Chalabala/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why are planes not equipped with continuous worldwide satellite tracking versus limited ground based radar tracking?
Airplanes are being equipped to have continuous tracking. By January 2020, nearly all airliners will be equipped with transmitters that provide altitude, heading, ground speed and the aircraft's identification to controllers via satellite.
The process to equip airplanes has been underway for several years but modifying an entire fleet is a big, expensive and time-consuming process.
In the past, pilots made position reports to controllers via high-frequency radios but this process was replaced by automatic reports sent via satellite communication (SATCOM). Now there is nearly continuous transmission of this data. Nathan W. Armes/Special to USA TODAY
Do pilots have a camera that shows them when the front wheels are on the yellow-and-black line like at the gate?
No, most airplanes do not have cameras displaying the underside of the airplane. Pilots learn how to position the airplane precisely based on experience.
That said, they're not doing it completely blind: There are ground crew signalers or automated systems that tell the captain when the nose gear is in the proper place. Having the proper alignment is essential to fitting the loading bridge onto the door properly. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren/Special to USA TODAY
I'm a senior in high school and want to become an airline pilot. Should I go to college or go straight to flight school?
You will have more options if you go to college. A college degree will give you more alternatives if you ever develop a medical issue that would prevent you from flying. It will also help you if you choose to go into management. In your search, you will come across colleges that have both flight schools and an aviation major. That is the best of both worlds.
As with any college search, don't fixate on brand names when it comes to aviation programs. While there are some very well-known colleges with flight majors, look around at lesser-known programs that are less expensive. Your guidance counselor can help you identify programs. RGtimeline/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What do airlines look for in people who apply for flight training?
Naturally, airlines look to see whether candidates possess the proper licenses, such as the Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate as well as experience flying large-turbine-power airplanes in various weather conditions.
In the past, many carriers also required a college degree; however, the ongoing pilot shortage has made them less picky about that. It's also OK if you have a degree in an unrelated field.
Most importantly, airlines are looking for the right attitude, which can make or break a candidate. After all, they can teach you a lot about flying but they can't teach you the right mindset to fit in with their culture. You either have it or you don't. venuestock/Getty Images
With so many passengers bringing emotional support animals on planes, what can be done to help people who are allergic to animal dander? Flight attendants can often persuade passengers to switch seats providing separation between the animal and the person with the allergies. The earlier the flight attendants know about the issue, the more likely they can arrange a solution. However, there are times when passengers can’t or won’t switch seats, making for a difficult flight.
If this happens to you or a companion, try opening the overhead air vent. By directing the flow of air that hasn't been exposed to animal dander toward the passenger with the allergy, you can reduce the severity of the reaction. GummyBone/Getty Images/iStockphoto
With flocks of birds wreaking havoc on airplane engines, why aren't there screens on the engines that would allow air to flow in but but keep animals out?
This has been suggested by some for years but it's not a perfect solution. One potential problem is the screen splitting the bird into pieces small enough to enter the engine.
Additionally, if the bird causes damage to the screen, it, too, can be pulled into the engine causing more damage than the bird itself. Jet engines very carefully control the airflow into the fan and compressor section. if a bird got caught in the screen, that could potentially disrupt airflow, leading to a loss of power.
In most cases, a bird goes into the engine and is thrown outward into the fan duct where it does little or no damage. Very rarely one will get pulled into the core, which can cause more damage.
Bird-strike-induced emergency landings like 2009's Miracle on the Hudson, when US Airways pilot Chesley Sullenberger landed Flight 1549 in the Hudson or the Russian A321 pilot who put his plane down in a Russian cornfield in August are extremely rare. However, they do illustrate the need to improve bird tolerance in newer engines. Manufacturers do extensive bird-ingestion testing but there are still improvement to be made. YURI KADOBNOV/AFP/Getty Images
What do airline dispatchers do?
The dispatcher, who works out of the airline's operations center, is jointly legally responsible for the flight with the captain. Dispatchers are vital members of the operations and safety team. They provide weather updates and airport updates to the flight crew. Additionally, they will watch traffic flow for impact of weather or traffic congestion. Their training is very similar to pilots – just without the flight training. Delta Air Lines
When do pilots send the request for ground crew?
Ground crews are actually pretty proactive. For incoming flights, they are ready to move into place once the plane taxis in since they know it has already touched down. For departing planes, once the jet bridge is retracted, they know pushback will occur very soon. YakobchukOlena/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How do pilots avoid anvil-head clouds and other signs of thunderstorms while flying at night?
Pilots use onboard weather radar to remain clear of thunderstorms during day and night operations. Lightning is actually easier to see at night, which shows the pilots the location of the storm. Alan Diaz/AP
Can pilots nap, read books or watch movies in the cockpit?
It depends on the country and the situation. When there are augmented crews and a rest area (like the one seen here) on board, pilots who are off duty can nap or read. If there are only two pilots, then controlled napping depends on the country. Some allow it (done properly, it really helps to lessen fatigue), while such as the U.S. prohibit it. Rathke/Getty Images/iStockphoto
What does the crew eat on long flights?
Pilot meals vary from airline to airline. Usually on long flights, the crew meals are prepared in a similar way to passenger meals. The flight attendants bring the meals to the pilots once the the passengers have been served. The menu varies depending on the departure airport and the catering request. IPGGutenbergUKLtd/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Recently, a Delta passenger got his flight all to himself. Public relations bonanzas aside, that seems like a money-losing move for the airline. How do they decide whether it's worth it to fly a near-empty plane? Does there need to be a minimum number of passengers?
The decision to fly an empty plane is actually based on much more than headcount. Airlines also factor in maintenance schedules, the next day's flights, weather-induced logistical chances and paid cargo. RyanFletcher/Getty Images/iStockphoto
I've been on a lot of flights where the plane seems to turn soon after takeoff. Why is this and is there a minimum altitude before it can be done?
It is routine to turn shortly after takeoff. Common reasons include noise abatement rules and avoiding an airplane departing on a parallel runway. Most operators do not turn until reaching 400 feet to ensure good separation from the ground in the event of a problem.
However, there are some special cases where a turn is needed earlier, such as at Washington Reagan National Airport. When departing north, a turn is required very soon after takeoff to avoid the prohibited airspace over the Mall and White House. Terraxplorer/Getty Images/iStockphoto
How dangerous is a cracked cockpit windshield? When is it most likely to happen (takeoff, cruising altitude or landing) and what can be done about it? Windshields consist of two panes of thick glass with a plastic layer between for heating. Either pane is capable of holding full pressure in the other is lost. In my experience, more of the windshields cracked during climb than in other phases of flight. If this occurs, pilots will descend to reduce the pressure and plan on a diversion if necessary. DANIEL SLIM, AFP/Getty Images
There are so many reports of pets dying on flights. Are pets safe and comfortable in baggage? I have stopped flying to protect my pet.
Aircraft designers know that live animals will be shipped so they ensure there is adequate airflow and heat for them. If you are shipping an animal it is prudent to ensure the connecting airport is not extremely hot or cold during the time the animal will be there. All of us protect our pets and airlines realize how the responsibility that comes with accepting a pet for shipment. Talk to the airline staff and plan your trip to minimize connection times without extreme weather conditions. Mary Altaffer, AP
Question: What guidelines are in place in case planes are flying at the same altitude and approaching each other? Answer: Air traffic control prevents airplanes from approaching each other at the same altitude. Airplanes also have traffic avoidance systems that will have one airplane climb and the other descend. Jeff Chiu/AP
How are runway assignments determined for arriving or departing flights when there are multiple active runways in use?
Air traffic control will try and use the runway that points toward the wind when possible. Some airport layouts make it much faster for certain runways to be used for landing and others for take off. The controllers know what configuration works best. The goal of air traffic controllers is to try to expedite the traffic flow while keeping it safe for aircraft. ANDREW GOMBERT/EPA-EFE
Question: Calling a family pet an emotional support animal is rife for abuse. If you need a support animal or blanket to feel secure while flying, it might be time to consider the train. How can we Think you can get the people that write the laws to use common sense? Answer: Airlines are slowly making progress in requiring more documentation for all animals traveling on board. Too many passengers have abused the emotional support animal rule and it can have a safety implication during an evacuation. Julio Cortez/AP
How secure are planes in the air from being hacked by technology brought onboard by passengers bring on planes?
Critical flight computers are shielded and not accessible by the internet or passenger electronics, making them very secure. John Locher/AP
How will Boeing promote and market the safe return of the 737 Max on its first day back in the air?
It is impossible to know at this point. Each operator will handle the return to service differently. Some will make a media event out of showing the safety and reliability of it while others will attempt to make it “business as usual.” JIM WATSON/AFP/Getty Images
Once the 737 Max is approved to fly again, can individual pilots choose not to take assignments for that aircraft? Will they be "punished" for refusing?
If they are assigned to the MAX fleet, then they are expected to fly it. However, It is possible for them to change the fleet to which they are assigned. I do not know of any pilots that would not fly the MAX once it is recertified, tested and returned to service. Boeing
What do the pilots do if there's a loss of power? What's the point of no returns?
The total loss of power is extraordinarily rare. The first action would be to relight the engines. If that failed, a ditching would be required, as was the case with 2009's "Miracle on the Hudson."
After a bird strike disabled both engines minutes after taking off from New York's LaGuardia Airport, Captain Chelsey Sullenberger and First Officer Jeffrey Skiles glided their US Airways Airbus A320 into the Hudson River in what was called the "most successful ditching in aviation history." Bebeto Matthews/AP
Recently, a 777 had an engine failure on takeoff at Atlanta. It seems like there would be extra strain on the functioning engine while under such a heavy load compensating for the failure. Would that engine also undergo inspection, or is that not even a concern?
All twin-engine airplanes are designed to fly with one engine inoperative so there is no additional strain on the operating engine. Unless there was an indication that the remaining engine had exceeded temperature or speed ranges during such a flight there would be no concern and no need for inspection. CARLOS CALVO/UNITED AIRLINES
Is it typical for pilots to have to burn off fuel on a flight prior to landing? I was on a completely full flight on an Embraer 190 between Philadelphia and Raleigh-Durham where the pilot had to lower the landing gear and fly around prior to landing. I've flown quite a bit and do not recall ever experiencing this.
This happens occasionally. On some flights when the passenger load and cargo load is heavy, the flight is planned to land at the maximum landing weight. If they wind up burning less than what was forecast, then the pilots have to burn off the excess fuel to reduce the weight. Lowering the landing gear and to extend the flight accomplishes the needed fuel burn. frankpeters, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Some routes always seem to have dramatic air pockets, such as flying into Las Vegas. Are there some routes that are just more susceptible to sudden drops?
I suspect you are feeling the effects of thermal heating causing turbulence. In places like Las Vegas where there are mountains and high heating, turbulence is more common. Usually, this occurs at lower altitudes although mountain waves can occur at cruise altitudes. Diy13, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Do all the electronics inside the aircraft such as the reading lights, TV screens and fans impact the engine or drain the battery?
Modern airplanes have very large generators capable of supplying electrical power for all the modern devices. Each engine has at least one large generator the auxiliary power unit has a generator and most airline jets have a ram air turbine that can produce electricity. There are batteries. too. The engine generators do cause the engine to burn more fuel but it is not a large amount. Panasonic
Why can't airlines equip the entire cabin with active noise-canceling technology (not just headphones)? That would make long-haul flights more comfortable than pastel mood lighting.
I have seen active noise-canceling technology in business jets and turboprop aircraft but not in airliners so far. The technology is available but I suspect cost and weight are the reasons it has not been installed yet. Beats by Dre
In today's modern aircraft, does turbulence make it physically tiring to control a plane or does fly by wire and automation take away physical exertion?
Flying modern jets is not overly physical. The automation and powered flight controls have made it much easier and less physically stressful. Elaine Thompson/AP
Do both pilots fly the plane under normal circumstances or only when there's an emergency?
Both pilots are fully qualified to fly the airplane. Usually, one pilot flies the airplane while the other performs the duties of the monitoring pilot, such as communicating with air traffic control, handling checklists and overseeing the flight path. The breakdown of tasks between the flying pilot and monitoring pilot is very clearly defined but pilots are trained to perform both. CLEMENT SABOURIN, AFP/Getty Images
Is there any specific way flights are numbered?
Each airline has their own way of numbering flights. That said, there does have to be some coordination between companies to prevent different carriers from having the same flight number in the same airspace. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren/Special to USA TODAY
While traveling on a Boeing 737-800, I noticed there was no window in Row 10 on the left side. What is the reason for this?
There is often a missing window on jets since the air conditioning vents run up the wall there. Some airplanes also leave a window out in line with the fan section of the engine incase of a blade separation. Getty Images/iStockphoto
When the cabin door closes and the cabin staff announces for all cellular devices to be placed in airplane mode or turned off, some passengers feel this announcement does not pertain to them. They keep talking. Is it acceptable to rat them out to cabin staff?
Agreed, there are passengers who do not comply and get belligerent when a flight attendant does their job of reminding them of the rule. Matt Slocum/AP
Is there a speed limit for planes while taxiing on the taxiway?
Some airports have speed limits but more often airplanes will have a limitation in the flight manual for maximum taxi speeds. This is usually around 30 knots. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren for USA TODAY
Question: Why do jumbo jets ascend at a lower rate? It takes them much longer to get to the desired altitude. Answer: Large four-engine airplanes are slower to climb than two-engine airplanes due to the amount of excess thrust of two-engine airplanes. If a two-engine airplane experiences a loss of thrust in one engine (50% of the total thrust), it must still be able to climb and continue flight safely. A loss of thrust for a four-engine airplane only results in a 25% loss of thrust. The twin-engine plane has more excess thrust when all engines are operating and therefore climbs faster. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren for USA TODAY
When a plane is experiencing severe turbulence, it's difficult to judge how far "down" it appears to be falling or dropping – inches or feet?
In heavy turbulence it can feel like the airplane is going up and down long distances, when in reality it is only a few feet. Humans notice the rate of change (how fast you are going up or down) more than the magnitude of the excursion. Very rarely, turbulence can cause a change of a few hundred feet, but most times it is less than 100 feet. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren for USA TODAY
If aircraft weight is so important, why aren't aircraft windows made larger? Aren't those materials lighter than the rest of the aircraft?
The structure around the window is heavier. If you look at airplanes designed as freighters, they do not have windows. This is done to reduce the weight and maintenance costs. Getty Images/iStockphoto
Planes making a sideways landing in a strong crosswind make for remarkable videos. How does the airplane landing gear handle the added stress of such landings?
If you look carefully, the airplane will yaw before touchdown to be more closely aligned with the runway. The pilot uses the rudder to reduce the crab angle just prior to touchdown. This reduces the sideload on the main landing gear.
During certification flights the manufacturers demonstrate crosswind landing without yawing prior to touchdown to test the capability of the landing gear. While the gear is designed to take the load, it is a lot of force. Valery Hache, AFP/Getty Images
Question: Why don't airliners "power back" from the gate?
In the 1980s, airliners with aft-mounted engines (e.g., DC-9, MD-80 and B727) used powerback in an effort to reduce the number of ground personnel required. Today, most large airliners have underwing-mounted engines; they are too close to the ground and have a potential to ingest debris during a powerback. Powerback has safety risks; only a few aft-mounted engine jets could do it. I do not know of any airline using that procedure today. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren,special to USA TODAY
In the cockpit are all those buttons and knobs really used or necessary to fly the plane?
Yes, the buttons and knobs are used to control the airplane in normal flight or when there is a problem with a system. While they look confusing to the layperson the pilots know exactly what each one does and how it is to be used. Ben Mutzabaugh, USA TODAY
How safe are commercial airports with short runways?
Commercial airports certified by the Federal Aviation Administration's 14 CFR Part 139 are very safe. Runway length is carefully calculated before every takeoff and landing with good safety margins. Pilots know that the runway length is short, so they pay special attention to touchdown points and approach speeds. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren, special for USA TODAY
Why are airlines still using 50-plus-year-old black boxes, when the technology currently exists to transmit all the same cockpit data and voice information in real time via satellite communications?
While technically possible, there are significant issues with real-time up-streaming of data. Who owns the data? What can it be used for? Can it be hacked? The Digital Flight Data and Cockpit Voice recorders have proven to be very successful over the decades. There is reluctance to lose this proven technology. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren for USA TODAY
How would you suggest a passenger cope with turbulence, physically and emotionally?
The best steps to take physically are to remain seated with your seat belt securely fastened. This will prevent you being bounced around in the seat. If you want to sit in the area of the airplane that moves the least during turbulence, then choose a seat over the middle of the wing. The aft section of the airplane moves the most. Fear of the unknown is the root of the emotional discomfort. Some people believe that the airplane will suffer damage or even crash due to turbulence. The facts prove otherwise. Modern airplanes are designed to withstand very heavy turbulence. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren for USA TODAY
What problems would cause you to make an emergency landing?
A diversion to land at an alternate airport is often erroneously described as an emergency landing in media accounts. There is no emergency, but there is a change in plans. A problem with the pressurization system may require a diversion. A passenger with a medical problem may require a diversion. Some electrical problems will require a diversion. If there is an onboard fire, then an emergency landing is necessary. The difference is that in some fire conditions, the situation requires landing as soon as possible. That is an emergency. There are other conditions that require a diversion but only a very few require a true emergency landing. Getty Images/iStockphoto
How easy is it to land the largest jumbo jets?
A pilot with significant experience can transition to a very large airplane quickly. There is little difference in the handling characteristics, but the flight deck height and wingspan require practice. The 747 and A380 pilots I know characterize both as easy airplanes to fly. Jeremy Dwyer-Lindgren for USA TODAY
What do you think of the recent attention given to companion animals on flights? Isn’t this a source of unnecessary distraction for both pilot and crew?
The issue of companion animals is a difficult one. There have been cases of animals biting passengers, getting loose, urinating and worse. The airlines had to do something due to the number of bad events that continued to rise. Current requirements for certification for the need for the animal by a doctor or physiologist appear to be reasonable. Dave Einsel for USA TODAY
What is the top speed for a typical jetliner without compromising the air frame? Is there such a thing as too fast for a plane (putting scheduling & ATC aside)? Airplanes only know their speed in relation to the air around them. If there is a 200 mph tail wind, the speed of the airplane across the ground would be over 750 mph. All air frame speed limitations are based on airspeed not ground speed. Julio Cortez, AP
Do pilots have to eat different meals on a flight?
I have not seen an FAA requirement for a meal difference. Many airlines require different meals for members of the flight crew in the belief that it mitigates risk of food-borne illness, but it is a choice made by each operator. Getty Images/iStockphoto
I notice that jet engine cowlings are scalloped on the rear edge on some engines and not on others. What is the purpose of the scalloped edge?
Newer engines have the saw tooth cowlings. They help make the engine quieter, particularly at higher power. Getty Images/iStockphoto
When Air Force One makes a long trip, does it refuel in air?
The Air Force carefully limits the information about the specifics of an Air Force One flight. So if there were an aerial refueling we would not know about it. The specially modified B747s that fly the president are capable of aerial refueling, and the crews maintain proficiency in this skill. The direct answer to your question is that it is possible, but the information is not released. Jim Lo Scalzo, EPA-EFE
Why do the cabins on passenger jets get hot when flights are delayed on the ground after leaving the gate? Does the air conditioning system rely on power or airflow levels only available in flight?
When the engines are at idle, they do not produce much compressed air used for cooling. This can result in a warm cabin. The issue is the amount of air available for cooling when not in flight, where the flow is robust. Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why do airlines still have ashtrays in the bathroom doors even though smoking is prohibited? : It is a certification requirement by the regulatory agencies (e.g. the FAA and EASA). This is an old requirement that came from the 1960s to ensure that a person had a place to extinguish a cigarette other than throwing it in the lavatory trash bin where it could cause a paper fire. The requirement has never been changed because there are still airlines around the world that allow smoking, and airplanes are often sold between airlines. Getty Images/iStockphoto
Why are some landings rougher than others? Is it pilot's technique?
The conditions vary greatly from landing to landing. Wind, runway conditions, weight of the airplane and many other factors can cause some landings to be less smooth than others. Yes, pilot technique can be a cause, but it is usually not the only cause. Digital Vision
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Replay
![Every week, Capt. John Cox, a retired US Airways pilot, answers your questions about air travel.]()
1 of 200![<strong>What advice would you give to someone who wants to start an airline company? And how much would it cost?</strong><br />
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Starting an airline is very, very, very expensive. The barriers to entry are many including FAA certification, training, acquisition of equipment, obtaining gates, and the largest one obtaining financing. <br />
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Finding the right experienced leadership is a challenge, but is essential. Airline operations are very complex so the leaders need experience to be effective. <br />
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And while there is a lot of cash revenue, the final profit margins are lower than many other businesses. The likelihood of success is small. Most startup airlines fail. Some regional airlines have succeeded because they were able to secure contract to fly for legacy airlines very early in their life. <br />
There is no way I can provide an estimated cost. There are too many variables, but whatever the business plan estimates the cost will be, I would add at least 50% to it as padding. ]()
2 of 200![<strong>Can an airplane make an emergency landing without its tail wings?</strong><br />
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The “tail wings” are know a horizontal stabilizers. <br />
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No, the loss of the horizontal stabilizers would result in an severe aerodynamic unbalance. They provide downward lift to balance the wing, producing lift. Loss of the horizontal stabilizer would result in the aft (rear) part of the airplane tumbling forward causing forces that would break the fuselage apart. ]()
3 of 200![<strong>How many airports in the United States, if any, have the equipment to land a commercial airline automatically? By the same token, how many airlines have the on board equipment to do it?</strong><br />
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If you are referring to an <a href="https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gbng/ils/" target="_blank">Instrument Landing System</a> with the fidelity to allow an landing to be flown by an approved autopilot system, the answer is nearly every large-city airport. <br />
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Most modern airliners have auto-land capability, including the newer 737, all 747, 757, 767, 777, 787 and all Airbus products.<br />
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The auto-land function requires the pilots to program the flight management system in a very exact way, so it is a use of the automation.<br />
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There are some small airplanes that have a true automatic landing system. These are very new and intended for use only in the event of an incapacitated pilot. No airliner has such a system. ]()
4 of 200![<strong>Why do airline passengers have to put their phones in airplane mode?</strong><br />
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A mobile phone in an airplane can cause problems with the cellular network as they may be communicating with multiple towers.<br />
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The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) bans the use of mobile phones in flight. <br />
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In airplane mode, the phone does not communicate with the cellular network.]()
5 of 200![<strong>Why do we have to put our seat backs up for landing and take off, especially when it’s less than an inch?</strong><br />
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The FAA requires that seat backs be upright for take off and landing in order to provide as much room as possible for the people behind you to get to the aisle in the event of an emergency evacuation. <br />
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This requirement has been in place for decades. ]()
6 of 200![<strong>Why is the second meal served so close to the end of long-haul flights over eight hours?The cabin crew is often running to collect trays before landing. They have plenty of time for meal service yet this seems to happen on every carrier.</strong><br />
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The meal service is determined by the in-flight department. I suspect it is timed to provide the most passengers with a meal. More people are awake near the end of the trip.]()
7 of 200![<strong>When a plane is scheduled to land at 7 p.m., what exactly does this mean? Is this when wheels down occurs or is this when the plane arrives at the terminal?</strong><br />
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The arrival time on the airline's schedule refers to the time the airplane arrives at its gate. That's probably something to keep in mind the next time you are considering flights with tight connection times.]()
8 of 200![<strong>On Christmas Eve, I saw a news report where a passenger said their plane was "frozen to the tarmac." Is this really possible? </strong><br />
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Yes, if there is freezing rain and wind, it can literally freeze the airplane to the ramp. Usually, a tug can free it but it is possible for it to get stuck.]()
9 of 200![<strong>When a plane's weight and balance is computed, what weights are used for men and women? </strong><br />
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For men, the FAA average weights are 190 lbs. in the summer, 195 lbs. in the winter, to account for them wearing more clothing. For women, weight-and-balance calculations assume an average weight of 179 lbs. in summer and 184 lbs. in winter.]()
10 of 200![<strong>An excuse that I've heard several times with ramp delays is: "The aircraft was overloaded with fuel!" I understand the weight and balance of the aircraft is critical. Does this really occur? I have never seen an aircraft offload a fuel load, what is the general procedure?</strong><br />
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Yes, it does occur. The fuel load is calculated on the anticipated number of passengers and cargo. If either changes the consequence is that the fuel load is too much. This is more frequent in the smaller regional jets than in larger jets. <br />
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Fuel can be offloaded, but this is rarely done, usually freight or bags are offloaded until the required weight is achieved.]()
11 of 200![<strong>My wife's very sensitive to altitude sickness on long-haul flights. Boeing's 787 and Airbus 350 talk of cabin pressures of around 6,000 feet, but do pilots stick to that or go higher to save fuel?</strong><br />
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The cabin altitude quoted is a maximum service ceiling. This means at the maximum certified altitude 43,000 for the 787 and 41,500 for the A350 the cabin altitude will be 6,000 feet. <br />
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It is unusual for an airliner to fly at is maximum altitude, so the cabin altitude would be lower. ]()
12 of 200![<strong>Do pilots eat airline food?</strong><br />
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Yes, usually the pilots have the same food as passengers. On long flights there are dedicated crew meals, but they are very similar to the food served to passengers. ]()
13 of 200![<strong>What determines an airplane's altitude? is it relative to sea level or the land over which it is flying? For instance, when I am flying over Denver, Colorado, does the official altitude at which I am flying decrease by 5,280 feet?</strong><br />
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Most airplanes fly above Mean Sea Level altitudes (MSL), the altimeter would read 5,280 feet in Denver. They are corrected for barometric pressure. There are radio altimeters that the altitude Above Ground Level (AGL), which are used for low visibility approaches.<br />
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When flying above 18,000 feet in the U.S., airplanes express altitude in terms of <a href="http://dictionary.dauntless-soft.com/definitions/groundschoolfaa/Flight+Level" target="_blank">Flight Levels</a>, which have a standard altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of Mercury. Pilots then describe the altitude by the first three digits. For example, 18,000 feet is FL180, 29,000 feet is FL290, 41,000 feet is FL410 and so on.<br />
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Using a standard altimeter setting avoids the constant resetting of the altimeter as the airplane flies into high or lower pressure. Additionally, having all the aircraft using the same altimeter setting ensures proper vertical separation.]()
14 of 200![<strong>What keeps an airplane's fuel supply from freezing at high altitudes?</strong><br />
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There are additives in jet fuel to lower the freezing point. However, if the fuel temperature reaches -40℃ or colder, it becomes necessary to find warmer air or increase speed to increase frictional heat. ]()
15 of 200![<strong>How do you manage to land in the middle of the runway with rapidly varying cross winds?</strong><br />
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During crosswinds, you control the track of the airplane by adjusting the heading, this is known as crabbing.<br />
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As the airplane nears touchdown, the pilot usually will apply rudder to swing the nose to near the runway heading. Once the crab is reduced and the nose swings, the airplane will begins to drift toward the downwind side of the runway. For this reason, many pilot will line up on the upwind side for the runway, allowing that drift to put them near the centerline at touchdown. <br />
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Maintaining centerline track takes experience, but professional pilots do it frequently. ]()
16 of 200![<strong>Most aircraft stow their landing gear entirely when it's not in use – but not the Boeing 737. Why not?</strong><br />
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When the Boeing 737 was designed in the mid-1960s, the engineers believed they could achieve nearly the same drag profile with the landing gear flush as when it was fully retracted into the well and covered by doors. <br />
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There are benefits by having the gear flush, such as fewer actuators and lower weight.<br />
But each airplane is different, and engineers try to reduce drag as much as possible. Most other airplane designers found that having the gear fully inside a covered wheel well provided smoother airflow, hence less drag.]()
17 of 200![<strong>What are chemical oxygen generators, how do they work and what is their purpose on a commercial airline? </strong><br />
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For decades, airliners have used oxygen generators as the primary means to provide passenger oxygen in case of an emergency.<br />
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This technology is proven to be reliable and effective. Oxygen generators use a chemical reaction initiated by a percussion cap. Once started, this exothermic process causes heat (around 500℉), and oxygen is produced.<br />
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The oxygen generators produce oxygen for around 15 minutes, which is more than enough to descend in the event of a pressurization problem at cruise altitude.]()
18 of 200![What was your favorite aircraft to fly?
My favorite propeller airplane was the Gulfstream I.
As for jets, it was the Boeing 737, followed very closely by the Airbus A320. In fairness, I spent 15 years flying 737s and loved it. I was fortunate enough to fly the A320 for six years and love it. So it is a very close call.]()
19 of 200![<strong>Why do the co-pilots on international flights tend to be older than on domestic flights? </strong><br />
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International flights are desirable, therefore they go to senior pilots. Some pilots conclude that they would rather be a senior first officer on international flights than a captain on domestic flights. <br />
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I know several pilots who never flew as a captain in order to fly the larger airplanes internationally.]()
20 of 200![<strong>What role do airline dispatchers play?</strong><br />
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Dispatchers, who work from the airline's operations center, are trained in similar skills as pilots but without the flight training. <br />
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They carefully monitor weather or other conditions that could affect the flight. Weather, air traffic delays and irregular operations are just some of the important information dispatcher provide to the flight crew. <br />
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Prior to a flight, the dispatcher reviews the weather, planned payload (passengers and cargo), estimated flight time and orders a proposed fuel load. The captain and dispatcher must be in agreement on fuel, route and conditions before the flight is released. <br />
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Once the flight takes off, the dispatcher monitors its progress and maintains contact with the flight crew. Should the plane run into mechanical problems or other issues en route, the dispatcher is the pilot's first point of contact.]()
21 of 200![<strong>Do pilots land large airliners manually or by computer?</strong><br />
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While many airplanes can land by use of automation, the vast majority of landings are still done manually. Pilots are generally better at landing in more dynamic weather conditions than the automated system.]()
22 of 200![<strong>How does a pilot know when the wheels are on the ground when landing?</strong><br />
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If you are fortunate enough to “roll it on” and the landing is very smooth, you can feel the vibration from the wheels as they spin. Additionally, in a jet airliner you will feel the airplane squat as the ground spoilers deploy causing the weight of the airplane to transfer from the wings to the landing gear.<br />
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Usually, there is a noticeable contact with the runway. Occasionally, that contact can be a bit firm.]()
23 of 200![<strong>What would you say to someone who is afraid to travel? </strong><br />
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If it's coronavirus you are worried about, I'd tell you to research your airline and destination to see what the conditions are like and what precautions are being taken. Evaluate the level of risk vs. the value of the travel. Then determine if that risk is acceptable to you.<br />
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Acceptable levels of risk are different for different people and organizations. I am still traveling for business, but with safety mitigations (e.g. mask, hand sanitizer and social distancing).<br />
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To me, the value of travel is enough to accept the risk with the mitigations in place.]()
24 of 200![<strong>As someone who has flown for a career, how do you deal with jet lag?</strong><br />
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Here are some tricks that I find helpful. First, stay hydrated. Cabin air is VERY dry so make sure you drink plenty of water.<br />
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When you get to your destination, try and get a nap (but not longer than three hours). Get out, walk around and take in some fresh air. Eat meals on the local schedule and go to bed on the local schedule. <br />
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It should be easy to fall asleep the first night since you'll so tired. But on the second night, it's common to wake up in the very early morning hours and have trouble getting back to sleep.<br />
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For me, it's harder to adjust on eastbound trips than westbound trips. The worst was flying from Asia or Australia to the U.S. It took several days to get back in sync with the local time. ]()
25 of 200![<strong>Can a passenger aircraft avoid turbulence? Is there any early warning system for turbulence? </strong><br />
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Aircraft do avoid turbulence. Pilots get reports for other aircraft, then modify their route and use meteorologists to avoid forecast areas of turbulence. <br />
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There are some experimental technologies that are being tested to detect turbulence, but they are not proven yet. <br />
Turbulence can be unexpected, particularly clear-air turbulence. It is important to keep your seat belt fastened when in your seat. Most passenger injuries occur when encountering unexpected turbulence without their seat belt being fastened. ]()
26 of 200![<strong>Which is the most confusing airport to land at during the night? </strong><br />
<strong> </strong><br />
I do not have a single airport that sticks in my mind as “the most confusing.” Boston is challenging due to the number of runway crossing location with multiple taxiways flowing into intersections. Chicago O’Hare can be challenging due to the size and complexity of the terminal ramp areas and number of runways. <br />
With modern moving map displays, taxiing on large airports is <em>much</em> easier than it was in the past. ]()
27 of 200![<strong>Are you friends with Captain Sully? </strong><br />
<strong>– T.W., Los Angeles</strong><br />
<br />
<a href="/story/life/movies/2016/09/08/7-things-you-definitely-dont-know-captain-sully/89946582/" target="_blank">Capt. Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger</a> and I have known each other since the late '80s. We worked together on safety issues at US Air/US Airways. Yes, we are friends and try to see each other when we can. <br />
He is a great spokesman for aviation. ]()
28 of 200![<strong>As an airline pilot myself, why am I constantly asked if I fly the same route all the time. Even if that was common decades ago, how has that myth survived?</strong><br />
<strong>– MG, Palo Alto, California</strong><br />
<br />
Like so many myths, this one seems to have a life of its own. Passengers do not think about the complexities of scheduling crews and airplanes to meet the demands of passengers. <br />
It is very hard to explain the intricacies of the monthly bidding process. A standing joke at my airline was that anyone could fly a trip, but you had to be smart to bid the right trip. <br />
It is not likely that the myth of pilots flying only one or just a few routes will go away, With that in mind, we should try to better explain how our industry works and help passengers understand how complex it is. ]()
29 of 200![<strong>I have an overnight connection in Montréal en route to Martinique on Air Canada in November. Do I need a COVID-19 test? Will I have to quarantine?</strong><br />
<strong>– John Brockman, Middleville, Michigan</strong><br />
<br />
I strongly suggest you contact Air Canada and ask them about your specific scenario. <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html#a1" target="_blank">Quebec has the highest COVID-19 infection rate </a>in Canada, according to Canadian public health data, and <a href="https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/2019-coronavirus/progressive-regional-alert-and-intervention-system/map-of-covid-19-alert-levels-by-region/" target="_blank">Montréal</a>, in particular, which is the largest city in the province, is <a href="https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/2019-coronavirus/progressive-regional-alert-and-intervention-system/level-4-maximum-alert-red/" target="_blank">on maximum alert</a>. Normally, connections are exempt from quarantine rules, but your case could be different since it's overnight and you're likely to leave the airport.]()
30 of 200![<strong>Are weight and balance issues more of a factor on smaller planes carrying less than 100 people than larger planes carrying more passengers? </strong><br />
<br />
Yes, a weight and balance issue can be more critical on smaller airplane because a even a small error accounts for a larger percentage of the total weight. <br />
<br />
A 500-lb. error on an airplane that weighs 5,000 lbs., adds up to a larger percentage of the total weight.<br />
<br />
This is why pilots carefully calculate the weight and balance before flight. No matter the size of the airplane, it should be loaded within the proper limits to ensure safe flight. ]()
31 of 200![<strong>Which would use more fuel: 100 people flying from New York to Los Angeles on an 737 airliner, or the same 100 people driving there, two people per car?</strong><br />
<strong>– Paul Bartlett, Columbus, Indiana</strong><br />
Let's run the numbers, shall we?<br />
<br />
The total distance for both the car (let's assume it's a SUV given their popularity and their cargo capacity) and the plane is 2,800 miles. <br />
<br />
<strong>SUV</strong><br />
<strong>Average miles per gallon:</strong> 20<br />
<strong>Number of cars:</strong> 50<br />
<strong>Presumed driving time: </strong>42 hours <br />
<strong>Total fuel burned in gallons (140</strong><strong>) x 50:</strong> 7,000 gallons<br />
<br />
<strong>Boeing 737 </strong><br />
<strong>Speed of 737:</strong> 500 mph<br />
<strong>Gallons per hour:</strong> 740<br />
<strong>Flying time: </strong>5.6 hours<br />
<strong>Total fuel burned:</strong> 4,150 gallons<br />
<br />
Based on this rough calculation, the 737 would burn 59% of the fuel that the SUVs use and would get there in 5.6 hours instead of 42 hours. <br />
<br />
Assuming a nationwide average price per gallon of $2.20 (per <a href="https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/" target="_blank">AAA</a>), the people in each car would spend a little over $300 on regular gas alone. That's not counting one or two nights in a hotel along the way. By way of comparison, right now, a nonstop, one-way ticket from JFK to LAX is running around $275 on JetBlue. ]()
32 of 200![<strong>Upon takeoff, is pressurization of commercial passenger aircraft cabins automatic or a switch has to be flipped or activated? Is it fixed at a particular equivalent altitude level?</strong><br />
<br />
On modern airliners, it is usually an automatic process and the airplane begins to pressurize as soon as it takes off. <br />
<br />
On most modern jets, the pressurization system gets the airplane’s intended cruising altitude from the flight management system. Once the cruise altitude is known, the automatic pressurization system calculates the proper cabin altitude not to exceed the maximum differential pressure. The pressurization system then climbs the cabin to the calculated altitude.<br />
<br />
Once descent begins, the pressurization system then descends the cabin to the destination airport elevation. ]()
33 of 200![<strong>Airbus announced the discontinuation and end of production of its famed A380 in 2020. It was launched in 2000, and the first delivery was in 2007. To me, less than 20 years of longevity doesn't seem seem like much of a return on investment and development for a commercial aircraft's lifespan, considering how long the 373 and A320 have been in production. How does this lifespan compare to other commercial aircraft that have come and gone?</strong><br />
<br />
Sadly, the A380 was an airplane with limited usefulness. One airline, Emirates, found the A380 to be an ideal airplane and bought almost half of them. Other airlines that did buy and operate the A380 only operated a few. Today, nearly all are parked in storage and have no prospect of returning to the sky.<br />
<br />
The A380’s life span is very short compared to the B737 (over 50 years), the A320 (over 30 years), the B767 (over 30 years) or the B747 (over 40 years). ]()
34 of 200![<strong>Don't airlines waste a lot of money by dumping fuel?</strong><br />
<br />
There is definitely a cost but if the airplane is too heavy to land and has a problem requiring it to return to the departure airport, it is necessary.<br />
<br />
Airplane have maximum landing weights. Take-off weight can be above the landing weight (frequently, it is). If a problem occurs such as an engine, hydraulic, electrical or pneumatic malfunction it is necessary to return to the airport and land. If the airplane is over maximum landing weight, fuel must be burned or jettisoned (dumped). <br />
<br />
Not all airplanes have fuel dumping capability. Smaller airplanes must burn the fuel or use a special part of their certification allowing overweight landing in an emergency. Larger airplanes must reduce their weight.<br />
<br />
The bottom line is this: Yes, it cost to dump fuel, but it would still have to be burned if it were not dumped.]()
35 of 200![<strong>I often fly to Wales to visit family. Recently, I received news that oxygen is going to be a permanent travel partner for me. I'm sure oxygen tanks are NOT permitted on aircraft, for very good reasons. Is there any way I can still visit my relatives? Does the airplanes have their own oxygen supply that passengers with breathing problems are allowed to use?</strong><br />
<strong>– Ralph, Colon, Michigan</strong><br />
<br />
The days of airlines selling you oxygen cylinders are largely over. Now passengers bring their own, FAA-approved <a href="https://blog.lptmedical.com/guide-for-choosing-a-portable-oxygen-concentrator-in-2020" target="_blank">portable oxygen concentrators</a>, devices which pull air from the cabin and purify it, rather than delivering oxygen from a tank, which may need to be changed out on a longer flight. <br />
<br />
The three major U.S. airlines – <a href="https://www.delta.com/us/en/accessible-travel-services/assistive-devices-medication">Delta</a>, <a href="https://www.aa.com/i18n/travel-info/special-assistance/mobility-and-medical-devices.jsp">American</a> and <a href="https://www.united.com/ual/en/us/fly/travel/special-needs/disabilities/customer-oxygen.html">United</a> – all allow POCs, though yours must be on their list of approved devices. Passengers using POCs are usually required to provide advance notice to the airline and prove they have an adequate battery supply to last through their journey.<br />
<br />
If your own oxygen system is not on your airline's list of approved devices, <a href="https://traveloxygen.com/rentals/" target="_blank">you can rent one</a>. These devices are often covered by Medicare.<br />
<br />
Check your airline's policy for specific details. If you have additional questions, contact the customer care center and ask to speak to someone on their accessibility team.]()
36 of 200![<strong>What are the mechanics of how ice on the wing affects the flight characteristics of a plane?</strong><br />
<br />
Ice deforms the shape of the wing, resulting in less lift. It also adds weight to the airplane, further degrading the performance. <br />
<br />
During my <a href="/story/travel/columnist/cox/2020/09/24/ask-captain-how-fast-can-jets-descend-if-cabin-pressure-lost/3501666001/" target="_blank">scariest flight ever</a>, the airplane had deicing boots designed to crack the ice off of the wing, but the ice built up over the boots, resulting in our inability to shed it. <br />
<br />
The propellers had heated strips to keep ice from forming, but as the ice left the propellers, some of it would hit the side of the airplane. This happened so frequently that it became almost a constant banging on the airplane. <br />
<br />
We had all the heat we could get muster on the windshield but could only see through a small slit. The rest of the windshield was covered in ice. As a result, the flight deck was extremely hot while the rest of the airplane was very cold. Our passengers were uncomfortable for much of the flight.<br />
]()
37 of 200![<strong>Is there one particular landing that you remember as being the most difficult? </strong><br />
<br />
No, I remember several landing that were challenging but there isn’t one that stand out as the most difficult.<br />
<br />
Landing in high winds on ice covered runways was always challenging, as was taxiing in after clearing the runway. Operations in adverse weather takes skill and experience, which is what professional pilots must have.]()
38 of 200![<strong>If cabin pressure were lost, how quickly can a plane descend from cruising altitude to an altitude where oxygen masks would no longer be required?</strong><br />
<br />
It, of course, depends on the altitude the plane was flying at when the depressurization occurred. Airliners can descent over 8,000 feet per minutes if needed. From 35,000 feet an +/- 8,000 fpm descent would have you down to 11,000 feet in 3 minutes or less. ]()
39 of 200![<strong>What is the most stressful flying situation you have ever been in?</strong><br />
<br />
When I was 19 years old and flying as a first officer on a corporate airplane in 1972, we flew into icing conditions that were more severe than the airplane deicing equipment could handle.<br />
<br />
The airplane iced up badly and began to descend even though we had applied maximum power. Finally we descended out of the clouds into snow. We continued and landed at Erie, Pennsylvania.<br />
<br />
The 30 or so minutes in the ice where we knew that we could not stop the descent as the ice continued to increase was the most stressful situation I have faced. <br />
<br />
Although it was 48 years ago, I remember it clearly. I learned many lessons that night. <br />
I have never seen that much ice since, and never want to. ]()
40 of 200![<strong>When taking off or landing in an area with active forest fires, 1) does it harm the engines (requiring additional inspection or early maintenance) and 2) can you shut off the fresh air intake to the cabin to avoid breathing hazardous air?</strong><br />
<br />
The engines vann function in the smoke of a forest fire without damage without requiring additional maintenance. <br />
<br />
And no, the bleed air system that brings in outside air into the air conditioning system is not switched off. The need to keep the aircraft pressurized and to have fresh air in the cabin requires that it be left on. Fortunately, the exposure time is short.]()
41 of 200![<strong>Because pilots are often male and often ex-military, do they usually lean to the right, politically? </strong><br />
<br />
Like any group, there are a wide variety of personalities and political views. And actually, most pilots working today come from civilian training, further diversifying the backgrounds and politics]()
42 of 200![<strong>If an aircraft is having serious mechanical issues in flight that may result in not making to an airport, how much information is given to the passengers as to the condition of the aircraft? </strong><br />
<br />
The pilots take care of the issue first. If a diversion is necessary, we explain in general about the problem and the need for the diversion. In the extremely unlikely situation, such as an onboard fire that could not be contained and an off-airport landing is being considered, the pilot would brief the flight attendants and then the passengers.<br />
<br />
This gives the flight attendants time to prepare the cabin and passengers for an evacuation once the airplane comes to a stop. Going into great detail about the exact nature of the problem can cause confusion for most of passengers.<br />
<br />
The important message is to listen to the flight attendants and follow their instructions.]()
43 of 200![<strong>Hearing that planes have filters in the HVAC is reassuring, but what about the small confined space in the toilet? How is that air filtered? I am afraid of contracting the coronavirus from the previous user. </strong><br />
<br />
The air in the lavatory is continually changed, as it is in the cabin. Modern toilets in aircraft use a vacuum system to move the waste from the lavatory to the holding tank, as a result when flushed the vacuum system pulls air in. Additionally, there is fresh air continually pumped into the lavatory via one or more air vents.<br />
<br />
The small size of the lavatories means that the quantity of air is not large, making is easier to exchange. <br />
<br />
Airlines are addressing cleaning lavatory surfaces, too.]()
44 of 200![<strong>When aircraft are taxiing are there motors that assist, or is the plane moved only by engine thrust? And how is it steered?</strong><br />
<br />
Today airplanes taxi exclusively on engine thrust. There are tests underway for electric tugs that would tow aircraft to the runway, but they are not in service.<br />
<br />
Ground steering is done with the steerable nose wheel. On larger airplanes there is a nose wheel steering wheel to the left of the captain (a few airplanes have a nose wheel steering wheel on the right side, too). This wheel is sometime referred to as the tiller. <br />
<br />
The captain is the person who maneuvers the airplane on the ground. He or she carefully keeps the airplane aligned on the taxiways, runway and gate areas. Due to the size of large airplanes, the greatest concern is the inside wheel during a turn, as it is easy to turn early causing the inside wheel to track off of the taxiway. ]()
45 of 200![<strong>Why have 747 aircraft disappeared from passenger service but are still very popular as freighters?</strong><br />
<br />
The 747 can carry a large amount of freight, plus it has great range. The high operating cost is acceptable due to the revenue from the amount of freight (revenue per pound). Passenger flights do no produce the same amount of revenue per pound, hence the cost of operating a 747 can be uneconomical for passenger service but cost-effective for freight. ]()
46 of 200![<strong>Is it possible to fly over a hurricane, and if not, how do you plan flights to go around one? </strong><br />
<br />
Yes, you can fly over hurricanes. I have several times. However, you cannot fly over the thunderstorms that are created in some feeder bands. When operating near or over a hurricane, avoiding thunderstorms is paramount. <br />
<br />
Usually the dispatcher, or the pilots for smaller operators, monitor where the thunderstorms are and where they are forecast to be. Flights are routed to avoid those areas where the thunderstorms present a threat. <br />
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It is possible to overfly a hurricane if the destination is on the other side of the storm. However, some storms can create turbulence at high altitude and that has to be factored in when choosing a route.<br />
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Unless there a reason to fly near a hurricane, they are avoided, but if it is necessary, flight can operate on a limited basis. Planes will continue to fly into and out of airports until winds reaches a certain speed (it varies by airport and runway) and then the airport shuts down. <br />
<br />
The wind speed limits depends on the direction. If it is blowing down the runway, it is possible to land and take off with 40 knots (46 mph) or more but if it is blowing across the runway, then around 30 knots (35 mph) is the limit. ]()
47 of 200![<strong>Statistically speaking, which commercial airliner is safest? </strong><br />
<br />
Your question centers on the exposure (number of flights) vs. accidents. Aircraft like the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737NG (which debuted in 1997 and is not to be confused with the 737 Max) have decades of service and millions of flight. There have been accidents but the number is low.<br />
<br />
Newer aircraft such as the 787 and A350 and A380 have had no fatal accidents. The B777, A340 and A330 have had very, very few.<br />
<br />
As a general rule, each generation of airliners are safer, more comfortable and more capable then previous ones due to lessons learned.<br />
<br />
Newer aircraft such as the 787 and A350 and A380 havealso been accident-free to date. The B777, A340 and A330 have had very, very few.<br />
<br />
As a general rule, each generation of airliners are safer, more comfortable and more capable then previous ones due to lessons learned.]()
48 of 200![<strong>What was the most difficult airport for you to navigate? </strong><br />
<br />
The airport that was most challenging for me is actually closed now. That was Meigs Field in Chicago. Airliners did not fly into Meigs, but corporate jets and turboprops did. I flew turboprops into Meigs several times during the 1970s. Occasionally, it was a definite challenge.<br />
<br />
When the cloud ceiling was low, getting to the airport required conducting an instrument approach to Chicago Midway Airport. Then once I was below the clouds, I would have then have to rely on visual flight rules to fly to the lake, find Meigs and align with the runway. There were also buildings that had to be avoided during the transition from Midway to the lake.]()
49 of 200![<strong>What kind of power outlet do most airline seats have? Do any offer a 60cps AC socket? </strong><br />
<br />
Many airlines do provide in-seat AC power. It is usually 110-120 VAC at 60Hz (single phase), produced by an inverter. These outlets are safe for laptops and other 110 VAC (Volts Alternating Current) items.<br />
<br />
Some carriers can also provide 220-240 VAC for passengers from countries that use 220. Look carefully at the your plug to determine compatibility. (if the plug fits at 60 Hz, single phase, for passengers from countries that use 220 VAC).]()
50 of 200![<strong>Why don't you report on the lack of experience, training and maintenance standards among foreign carriers? </strong><br />
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If I did, it would be inaccurate for many foreign air carriers. There are many air carriers throughout the world that have equal or better training, maintenance and experience to North American airlines. <br />
<br />
Some other airlines, have much lower standards for experience, training and maintenance. <br />
<br />
Bottom line: An attempt to say that North American Airlines are better than all other airlines is not accurate or truthful.]()
51 of 200![<strong>My global entry interview appointments keep getting canceled. I cannot travel internationally so I can’t come through customs and immigration to complete the interview process. Has the the 1-year completion deadline been extended or do I have to reapply for global entry? </strong><br />
<br />
The bad news is that the Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) Trusted Traveler Program Enrollment Centers will <a href="https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/global-entry" target="_blank">remain closed until at least Sept. 8</a> due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The good news is that that the deadline has indeed been extended.<br />
<br />
"All applicants now have 485 days from the date that CBP conditionally approves their application to complete the enrollment process," the <a href="https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-extends-temporary-closure-trusted-traveler-program-enrollment#:~:text=All%20applicants%20now%20have%20485,before%20their%20current%20membership%20expires." target="_blank">Customs & Border Protection website says</a>. "In addition, CBP will extend for up to 18 months the Trusted Traveler Program benefits of members who apply for renewal before their current membership expires."<br />
<br />
I suggest you stay in contact and schedule an appointment at the earliest date you can. Also, some of CBP's airport-based enrollment centers are open so <a href="https://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/global-entry/enrollment-arrival" target="_blank">check their list of participating sites</a> to see if there's one near you.]()
52 of 200![<strong>I have visitors who frequently fly from San Diego to Houston, and recently one of their return flights took them over parts of Mexico. There was bad weather at the time but I have never tracked strictly domestic flights flying south of the U.S. border before. Am I missing something or does this routinely happen? </strong><br />
<br />
It is routine to fly over the border with Mexico on eastbound flights from Southern California. It is also possible to overfly Canada during a domestic U.S. flight and then cross back into American airspace.<br />
<br />
Operators plan flights to be as efficient that they can. If that planning includes crossing a border it, is done and is not a problem. This can also occur when avoiding thunderstorms. <br />
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Provided you are under instrument flight rules and talking with air traffic controllers, there is no international paperwork needed. ]()
53 of 200![<strong>Have air purification systems been improved and how? </strong><br />
<br />
The HEPA filters used in most airplanes are very effective. Some airlines have increased the rate of filter replacement. <br />
<br />
On most airplanes 75% or more of the air is outside air only, meaning that less than 25% is recirculated. The exchange rate is approximately every three minutes. <br />
<br />
The air in airplanes is refreshed more often than most buildings with outside air.]()
54 of 200![<strong>Would having a mechanical bubble level in the cockpit help a pilot when they become disoriented and not sure of their pitch or side-to-side?</strong><br />
<br />
No, due to the G-load during turns, the bubble would not show as level. <br />
<br />
This problem was very prevalent during the early days of aviation. Pilots tried various devices to show when they were level during flight in the clouds. None worked very well. Elmer and Lawrence Sperry realized that using a gyroscope would remain stable no matter the attitude of the airplane, this meant that they could display an artificial horizon to the pilot. They first flew with this device in 1914 in a Curtis C-2.<br />
<br />
Since then the technology has progressed to the modern ring laser gyro, which provides attitude information to the primary flight displays. Pilots have good information presented to them showing their attitude. Unfortunately, some pilots follow what they are “feeling” instead of what the instruments are telling them. This results in the loss of control (the leading cause of fatalities in aviation). ]()
55 of 200![<strong>I had a friend back in the '80s whose father-in-law was a pilot for PanAm. He claimed that Dulles International Airport in D.C. was the most tricky and difficult airport. Your thoughts?</strong><br />
<br />
I would respectfully disagree. Dulles is an easy airport to operate in and out. The Reagan National Airport downtown is more challenging. ]()
56 of 200![<strong>I enjoy sitting on my deck, watching planes overhead and following them on an aviation app. With the <a href="/story/travel/airline-news/2020/07/23/southwest-american-cutting-flights-coronavirus-spike-weakens-demand/3288195001/" target="_blank">decrease of flights due to COVID-19</a>, I now see many flights at elevations of about 40,000 feet, or about 5,000 feet higher than pre-pandemic COVID. Why the change in altitude?</strong> <br />
<br />
There are at least a couple of reasons for the higher altitudes that you are seeing on the app:<br />
<br />
1. Many flights are not as full as they were, so they are lighter and can fly at higher altitudes, which are more fuel-efficient.<br />
<br />
2. There is less traffic competing for the higher, more-fuel-efficient altitudes. <br />
<br />
Most airliners have maximum certified altitudes of 39,000 to 41,000 feet; a few can go higher but usually do not. Many business jets can fly higher, routinely cruising in the high 40,000s. The maximum altitude for many business jets is 51,000 feet.]()
57 of 200![<strong>With the retirement of the 747, this leaves, to the best of my knowledge, the A380 as the only four-engine aircraft in commercial service. Is this the end of aircraft with more than two engines in commercial flights?</strong> <br />
<br />
The retirement of the 747 is only for passenger service. The “Queen of the Sky” is flying cargo around the world. UPS just took delivery of a new 747-8.<br />
<br />
The A380 is flying in passenger service for a very few airlines, and it’s future is in serious question. Sadly, the A380 never lived up to Airbus’ hope for number in service.<br />
<br />
The industry changed to wanting more fuel efficiency resulting in the B787 and the A350. Yes, nearly all airliners will be two engines in the future. Engine technology and reliability has matured sufficiently to make is safer and improve efficiency.]()
58 of 200![<strong>What should I wear on a plane to not catch COVID-19? I am 76 and healthy. </strong><br />
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Follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Most airlines are requiring all passengers wear a mask, and I have seen many people with face shields.<br />
<br />
Wiping down the seat, seat belt and area around you can help, even though the airline has cleaned the airplane before you boarded.]()
59 of 200![<strong>Am I correct in understanding that the various quarantine requirement policies enacted by several U.S. states do not apply to passengers who are only making connections and not leaving the secure areas of the airport? I cannot fly direct from California to Washington, D.C., without making a connection so this is not a surprise I can afford to get caught up in. </strong><br />
<br />
It is a good question. I have looked at numerous websites but cannot find a definitive answer as to whether connecting passengers are exempt from the 14-quarantine rule for visitors from states with high infection rates.<br />
<br />
For instance, the FAQs for the quarantine policies in <a href="https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2020/06/interimguidance_traveladvisory.pdf">New York State</a>, <a href="https://covid19.nj.gov/faqs/nj-information/general-public/which-states-are-on-the-travel-advisory-list-are-there-travel-restrictions-to-or-from-new-jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="https://portal.ct.gov/Coronavirus/Covid-19-Knowledge-Base/Travel-In-or-Out-of-CT">Connecticut</a> and <a href="https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/真人百家家乐官网网站home/emergency-travel-order.html">Chicago</a> say they "do not apply to any individual passing through designated states for a limited duration (i.e., less than 24 hours) through the course of travel." There are also indications on some airline websites that these quarantine rules do not apply to connections may not apply but again, that is not a definitive answer. <br />
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I would hope common sense would say that a connecting passenger would not be required to quarantine but I haven't found an official source that confirms that.<br />
<br />
To be on the safe side, I suggest you check the websites for the airport as well as the health department COVID-19 page for the state(s) you'll be connecting through.]()
60 of 200![<strong>How is the plane balanced before each flight? Who is responsible for checking this has been done properly? </strong><br />
The loading of the airplane to ensure that is properly balanced is the captain’s ultimate responsibility, as stated in the <a href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/faa_regulations/">Federal Aviation Regulations</a>.<br />
<br />
Larger operators have specially trained ground agents that supervise the loading and calculations. The captain then reviews it and may sign the document showing his/her approval.]()
61 of 200![<strong>Is it safe to fly to Chicago first class on a nonstop flight? I'm not checking any baggage.</strong><br />
The airlines are doing much more to clean the airplanes between flights. On flights this week, I observed a careful deliberate process for cleaning. <br />
<br />
Check with the CDC for guidelines for travel, and with the airline to see if they meet your personal requirements. People have different level of acceptable risk.<br />
<br />
However, there is one other thing to be aware of that may change your travel plans: On July 6, Chicago enacted a 14-day quarantine policy for travelers from 15 states, including Florida.]()
62 of 200![<strong>Is is fairly easy to use ultraviolet light in the bathroom to sterilize the contents of the bathroom when passengers are not inside?</strong><br />
The use of UV lighting is being discussed for some parts of the cabin. This technology has some complicating issues but all possible means to sanitize aircraft are being discussed.]()
63 of 200![<strong>How often are the HEPA filters changed out on commercial aircraft? Is it done during a particular inspection frequency or a time limit?</strong><br />
Based on the information I could find, there is not a specific time interval for changing HEPA filter for all airplane types. It varies by manufacturer and most HEPA filter changes are included in the maintenance process scheduled for a specific interval.<br />
<br />
What my research did reveal is that almost airlines are changing the filter – which is an easy task – more often than the manufacturer’s recommendation. ]()
64 of 200![If the HEPA filters on a jetliner recycle 25% of the cabin's air supply, how many cycles do you think it takes to expose an individual to airborne viruses that number in the multi-billions with each cough or even normal respiration?
The exchange rate in aircraft is better than in most buildings, so I think the risk is mitigated somewhat.
It is not possible to answer your questions in number of cycles. I do not think it has been calculated, and the exposure susceptibility of each individual varies.
For a more specific answer, I would suggest you ask the CDC.]()
65 of 200![<strong>Can turbulence be severe enough to cause a jet engine to break off a wing? </strong><br />
From a practical point, no, a modern airliner will not lose a wing due to turbulence. Modern airlines are very tough and designed to withstand extreme turbulence. In theory it might be possible, but to know knowledge it has not happened to any jet airliner. <br />
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In the 1960s, there was a Boeing 707 that encountered severe turbulence that resulted in the vertical fin separating from the aircraft.<br />
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There are reports of a Iranian Air Force 747 that encountered turbulence and was lost but the information about the aircraft and circumstances are “sketchy.”<br />
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It was not investigated by a traditional investigative agency. I have been in very heavy turbulence for lengthy periods and never worried about the airplane sustaining damage, we landed safely with no damage.]()
66 of 200![<strong>Why is a co-pilot now called a first officer? </strong><br />
The term first officer has been in use for decades by most airlines, it has it roots in nautical terminology for the second-in-command. <br />
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During World War II, the Air Force (then the Army Air Corps) began using the term co-pilot and the term name eventually became common. <br />
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First officer is a more descriptive designation and is consistent with the Navy and marine industry. In older, larger airliners, there was a second officer or flight engineer.<br />
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During the days of propeller airliners, the flight engineer was a specially qualified maintenance technician, due to the complexity of operating large radial engines. When jets arrived, most flight engineers were pilots specially trained to operate aircraft systems.]()
67 of 200![<strong>With all of the cutbacks the airlines are facing, how do the crews keep their minimum flight hours and training current? Will crews need to be retrained when the aviation industry rebounds?</strong><br />
<strong>– Brian Serafin, Tampa, Florida</strong><br />
This is a significant problem that the airlines and regulators are working on.<br />
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Pilot simulator check rides, medical examinations, and line checks are all impacted by the low number of flights. <br />
The FAA has allowed some extensions on check rides and medical exams but the details are still being negotiated. <br />
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There will be some retraining required but how that will be accomplished is just one of the complex issues to be resolved.<br />
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Like we saw following the 9/11 attacks, putting the aviation system back into the sky is much harder than shutting it down. It will be months before all the training, checkrides and medical examinations are back to “normal.”]()
68 of 200![<strong>Why has it taken so long for the FAA to recertify the 737 Max? After the certification is approved, how long will it take for people feel confident getting on that plane?</strong><br />
<br />
Regulators faced a dilemma: was their job only to solve the cause of the Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines crashes – which would have included updating the design of the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) – or reevaluate the entire certification basis of the Max. They elected to take the more conservative approach and reevaluate many of the tests and processes. <br />
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Many changes were incorporated as a result of this process. Additionally, regulatory agencies from around the world participated. Beyond the regulatory agencies, there were several independent committees that reviewed the certification process of the 737 Max.<br />
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The consequence of all of these reviews were numerous improvements that took time to design, implement and gain regulator approval. Hopefully, the aircraft will fly again in late summer and return to airline service in the fall. <br />
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While there will be people that will be reluctant to fly on the plane initially, that number will decrease as the Max proves itself. I’m confident in the recertification process and will personally fly on the 737 Max when it returns to service.]()
69 of 200![<strong>Would you take a recreational flight during the pandemic? I know you fly due to the job, but I was wondering about personal travel. </strong><br />
<br />
Yes, I would fly recreationally, as long as certain conditions were met. I would need to know that other passengers have not been exposed to anyone with COVID-19 or any other respiratory issues within the previous 14 days. Plus, the airplane needs to be thoroughly sanitized, especially the touch areas (door handles, radio knobs, throttle, etc.), and everyone onboard should be wearing a facial covering.]()
70 of 200![In a real situation where the pilot and co-pilot become incapacitated and are unable to fly the plane while in the air, can any onboard FAA-certified small plane pilot be placed into service, or is there a backup emergency in place? Who else could/would do the job of flying and landing?
First, I don’t know of a case where both crew members became incapacitated so we are dealing with a movie script vs reality.
There are a very wide variety of pilots that fly smaller airplanes. Some fly small jets or sophisticated turbo props could easily set up the airliner for an auto landing after talking with an instructor to determine how to program the flight management system.
It would be more difficult for a single-engine private pilot due to the complexities of airliner flight management computers.
There have been cases where non-pilots have landed small airplanes so I would certainly say it is possible.]()
71 of 200![Why is is it so difficult and extremely frustrating to deboard a plane? Why can't this process be managed better by the airlines? They seem to have the ity and the power to control and regulate and assist, but yet the crew does not do much during this process.
Moving hundreds of people out of a single door in a few minutes is challenging but done successfully thousands of times each day. The deplaning process is usually pretty efficient, as there is a common goal to get off as quickly as possible.
On large airplanes where the boarding door is aft of business class, there can be congestion as deplaning economy passengers merge with business class passengers. Otherwise, it moves pretty quickly.
The current need for social distancing will slow down the process somewhat, at least for the time being. However, the airlines appear to be doing all they can to protect passengers while moving them to their destinations.]()
72 of 200![<strong>At the start of the pandemic planes flew with very few or no passengers. Do you notice significant difference in performance in takeoff in near-empty planes versus planes full of passengers?</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>– Vance Carpenter </strong><br />
<br />
The number of passengers definitely can change the performance of any airplane. Before every takeoff, the pilots compute the weight and balance of the airplane. This gives them the proper speeds for critical decisions and when to raise the nose and start the climb. <br />
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Passenger weights are a part of the overall weight, hence the fewer passengers, the less the weight. Lighter airplanes lift off the runway at lower speed, climb faster, cruise higher and land at a slower speed. <br />
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There is definitely a significant difference in a lightweight airplane (few passengers and bags) and a full flight. ]()
73 of 200![<strong>How long does it take a new pilot to work up from small, short-flight jets to captaining a transoceanic flight?</strong><br />
<br />
<strong>– Joe Mc.</strong><br />
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It can vary greatly. If an airline is growing internationally, that transition can occur in a few years. If the airline is stagnant or shrinking, it may not occur at all. <br />
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It also depends on the pilot’s preference to be more senior (having more control of his/her schedule) or fly bigger airplanes (with less control of the schedule).<br />
<br />
I was extremely fortunate, from being a new-hire first officer to my initial upgrade to captain was 3½ years, which is very quick. Later in my career, I could have flown larger airplanes internationally but would have been very junior – flying less-desirable trips with little control of my schedule. I chose to fly smaller jets as a more-senior captain to have better control of the schedule. I was also doing air-safety work that took a lot of time, so being senior made adjusting the schedule more important. <br />
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There is not a simple answer to your question. ]()
74 of 200![<strong>What needs to be done to the planes on runway storage due to the lack of travel before they are safe to fly again? – Dave S. </strong><br />
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It depends if they are set up for long-term storage or short-term storage. <br />
<br />
Airplanes in long-term storage have special preservative oil in the engine and an auxiliary power unit (APU). Covers on all the openings in the airplane and coverings on all the windows. The tires are usually covered, too. To prepare them for service, normal oil has to be put in the engines and APU. The hydraulic system is serviced. All the covers are moved; depending on condition the tires may also be changed. This process is documented by the manufacturer and carefully followed by the maintenance technicians. <br />
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Returning an airplane to service takes several days of work. <br />
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Airplanes in short-term storage can be returned to service much more quickly, but they require more regular service to run the engines and APU. The airplanes are moved, so the tires are rotated. ]()
75 of 200![If planes are so much cleaner and safer in today's world of COVID-19, why are some airlines outfitting their flight crews in hazmat suits? How is this to make me as a passenger feel safe when the airline itself does not feel it is safe for their crews? – D.Baker
Some airlines are taking very conservative approaches to their flight crews. Not all are, and the necessity of the most conservative approaches are not the industry standard. Each person has to make their decision about safety. For me, I think the airplanes are safer than many buildings. I will fly if necessary but hold back of elective (vacation) travel.]()
76 of 200![<strong>Is there a "speed limit" for landings? We live on the edge of the landing pattern for Nashville International Airport. Some commercial airlines come in low and slow with landing gear down. Others come in hot. Private jets usually come in high and hot. Just wondered. Early this week, two Southwest jets came in close together using the same runway. One high and much slower.</strong><br />
There are speed limits in parts of the airspace system. Below 10,000 feet, the speed limit is 250 knots (a knot is equivalent to 1.15 miles per hour so that would be 288 mph).<br />
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The speed limit near most airports is 200 knots (230 mph). During an approach to landing, there are many variables that can result in different speeds. <br />
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Typically, when flying in good weather within its landing weight range, an airliner will start slowing from 200 knots when it is about seven or eight miles from the runway, first to 170 (196 mph) when it is five miles out and then 140 knots (140 mph) at three miles out. <br />
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If weather conditions are bad enough to fly relying on the instruments rather than visual flight rules and the plane is configured to land, it can slow to 140 knots five miles out]()
77 of 200![<strong>I have been on flights where we had a little turbulence and the fasten seatbelt sign came on. Then things smooth out – no more turbulence – but the light stays on. Do cockpit personnel ever forget the light is on? </strong><br />
When the captain switches on the fasten seat belt light, it is due to information of potential turbulence. We try not to have it on longer than is necessary, but yes, I confess: I have, on occasion, forgotten it was on for a while.]()
78 of 200![<strong>Can a plane land on autopilot in case of emergency? </strong><br />
Many autopilot systems are capable of landing the airplane. This is usually the case in very low-visibility conditions. However, it takes a significant amount of training and knowledge to properly program the flight management computer, properly switch the autopilots into the proper modes and then monitor their performance. <br />
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Recently, some small airplanes have implemented an emergency system that will automatically land a small airplane on a runway, after advising air traffic control that there is an emergency, evaluating the weather and navigating to the runway. It is very sophisticated using a lot of artificial intelligence. It is highly likely that this technology will expand.]()
79 of 200![<strong>How can it be verified that the HEPA filters on aircraft for the circulated air system are cleaned? </strong><br />
You can ask the airline for the cleaning or replacement intervals for their HEPA (high energy particulate arrestance) filters. It is unlikely that a reservation agent will know but if you submit a question via their website, they may be able to give you an answer.<br />
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From what I have read, the filters are being changed more frequently. They are a focus item as they recognize the critical importance of passengers feeling safe onboard.]()
80 of 200![<strong>What would it take for airline companies to demand that manufacturers install air filtration systems that would remove 95% or better of 0.3 micron particulates, which would include most viruses? </strong><br />
The HEPA (high energy particulate arrestance) filters on board commercial jets already perform that level of filtration. Most airliners recycle 25-30% of the air in the cabin. The air that is being recycled passes thru the HEPA filter and traps particles, including viruses. <br />
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The remaining 70-75% of the air is exhausted overboard. Turnover time for in the cabin for a single-aisle jet like an A320 or B737 is around three minutes. <br />
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This means that the exposure possibilities are only from the time the particulate/virus is exhaled until it goes overboard or to the filter. This would be similar to any building where the exhaled particles would be routed into a air return duct then filtered.]()
81 of 200![<strong>What was your worst experience during a check ride? </strong><br />
First things first: What's a <a href="https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/aG2aCDkZy9CBQwDPrCWtJzZ?domain=faa.gov" target="_blank">check ride</a>? That's when an FAA pilot examiner, or check airman, rides along with a student pilot or a licensed pilot hoping to advance to the next level to evaluate their skills. Additionally, pilots have their proficiency evaluated on a regular basis. Airline pilots maybe evaluated 2 or 3 times a year. A check airman (a pilot designated by the FAA or appropriate regulator to do evaluations) will run the simulator providing various emergencies, take offs and landings to ensure a pilot is safe.<br />
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On very rare occasions, the check airman doing the evaluation will set out to prove that he/she know a lot more than you do by criticizing nearly everything you do. All you can do is fly the check ride to the best of your ability, and then rate the check airman in the survey after the simulator session is over. But generally, it's not a fun experience. <br />
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Fortunately, nearly all the check rides I have taken have been given by very professional men and women. I learned a lot and enjoyed the experience. <br />
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It helped that I worked in my airline's training department for three years and understood what the examiner doing the grading is going through too.]()
82 of 200![<strong>What is your best, semi-educated guess on when air travel will return to normal after the pandemic is over? Where would you rank this among previous slowdowns such as 9/11 and the 2008 economic downturn? </strong><br />
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Those are hard questions. The commercial aviation industry's return to normalcy will probably be gradual, as it was after 9/11 and the recession of 2008.<br />
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I am hopeful that traffic will begin to return early in the summer and grow from there. I intend to travel as soon as possible. <br />
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This is as devastating as 9/11 to the industry, and perhaps worse since the scope of coronavirus is worldwide.]()
83 of 200![<strong>Given the pandemic, would you be confident in booking international travel for the early part of 2021? </strong><br />
Many airlines are stating their operations will be much smaller with a drastic decline in demand. Yes, I would travel internationally in early 2021.<br />
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The airlines will be different, the number of flight will probably not be a high as prior to the pandemic, but there will be sufficient flights. <br />
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It is impossible to predict what the status of the COVID-19 virus will be at that time, so monitoring the CDC recommendations is a good precaution.]()
84 of 200![<strong>Do you feel that air travel domestically is currently safe, given all the cleaning and people wearing masks? </strong><br />
Yes, If I needed to travel, I would fly. The higher risk is the interaction with people on the ground. I support the practice of social distancing and based on what I have seen, the airlines are doing a good job of cleaning the airplanes.<br />
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I am looking forward to returning to regular travel once the pandemic is under control.]()
85 of 200![<strong>Are Boeing and Airbus still making airplanes? </strong><br />
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Yes, both companies are producing airplanes.<br />
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Airbus is still building the A320NEO, A321NEO, A330NEO, and A350s but has reduced the production rate for all of their models.<br />
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Boeing is making B767s, 787s and military airplanes (e.g. P-8 and KC-46). <br />
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The 737 Max is beginning to return to production and will be returning to service this summer if all goes well. <br />
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However, the airlines that ordered those planes are negotiating for changes in the delivery schedules, impacting the demand.]()
86 of 200![<strong>I'm a de-icing agent in New England, where we just got another round of winter weather. Before we start spraying, the pilots ask us to hold on while they configure the aircraft (B737, A319/320/321, Emb175/195's). What is it they're "configuring?" </strong><br />
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They are positioning the flaps/slats and stabilizer into the proper positions for de-icing.<br />
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Each model aircraft has a specific configuration for de-icing that is stated in the airplane flight manual.]()
87 of 200![<strong>How long can an auxiliary power unit (APU) be stored before it needs to be run? </strong><br />
Usually, all the systems, including the auxiliary power unit APU, are run weekly, unless the airplane is set up for long-term storage.<br />
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In that case, long-term storage special oil is used that preserves the APU and it is not run again until the airplane is being prepared to return to service. <br />
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In short-term storage the APU is run weekly. In many airliners, the APU air is used to turn the pneumatic starter for the engines, which needs to be run weekly themselves.]()
88 of 200![As aircraft are stored throughout the country due to the decline in travel, what work will be necessary to place them back into daily usage?
The longer an airplane has been stored, the more that has to be done to return it to service.
Engines need to be run regularly or properly set for long-term storage. In addition, aircraft either need to be rolled at least weekly to keep the tires from going flat. All the necessary plugs and covers must be installed to protect vulnerable areas.
When an airplane is scheduled to for return to service, maintenance teams remove those plugs and covers, check all the fluid levels and tire pressure and test all the systems. It's also common to run test flights to ensure it's ready to safely carry passengers and cargo again.]()
89 of 200![Do airline cabins have special breathing masks?
Airlines have masks for dispensing oxygen to passenger who may require it due to a medical issue that arises in flight. There are also oxygen masks that deploy automatically if the cabin loses pressurization. Those are the only masks in the cabin.
If you are inquiring about medical-style surgical masks, most onboard medical kits contain one or two for use by medical professionals in case they have to treat a passenger if they become ill while in flight.]()
90 of 200![<strong>Why is the quality of the Captain's public address system so bad compared to the ones that the flight attendants use? I often can hardly hear the Captain's in-flight announcement once the plane is in the air. </strong><br />
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It varies dramatically from airplane to airplane. One consideration is that the pilots can only barely hear their PAs, while the flight attendants hear theirs clearly. As a result, if something is wrong a flight attendant's PA, it will be reported to maintenance, whereas the pilots may even not be aware their is garbled. So if you notice that is the case, mention it to them as you pass the cockpit on your way out.]()
91 of 200![<strong>On the runways of every airport there are black marks where the tires of the landing gear touch down. Over a period of time does the rubber build up to the point that it becomes unsafe and has to be removed?</strong><br />
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Yes, the buildup of rubber deposits can adversely affect the braking on a runway when it is wet. A typical airliner with deposit approximately a pound of rubber per tire during a landing. High-use runways build up tire deposits frequently. Most airports have a runway maintenance plan that includes cleaning the deposits. This cleaning is often done at night when the demand is lower. There are a variety of ways to clean the runway, including high pressure water, solvents or a combination.]()
92 of 200![<strong>Are pilots wearing masks inside the cockpit when they fly during the coronavirus pandemic? </strong><br />
I have seen some cargo pilots wear full hazmat suits with masks if they were flying to areas where the virus threat is high. Otherwise, the pilots I have spoke with are not wearing masks.]()
93 of 200![<strong>What were cockpit security measures when you started flying and what are they like now?</strong><br />
When I started with Piedmont Airlines in 1980, we locked the flight deck door. Now the doors are much stronger and the locking mechanism is better. We did some passenger screening but nothing like today. Back then, security was focused on hijacking for political or monetary extortion. Terrorism was confined to a very limited number of countries far away from our route structure. Today, security is one of the primary focuses of airline operations.]()
94 of 200![<strong>What are U.S. domestic carriers and their regional partners doing to ensure their aircraft and gates are properly sanitized amid coronavirus concerns?</strong><br />
Every airline has increased cleaning, using EPA-approved cleaning agents that are designed to kill viruses and bacteria. Most airlines are also cleaning the cabins multiple times a day, followed by a more extensive cleaning when the planes are on the ground overnight. They also use HEPA filters, which can completely change a plane's air supply up to 30 times per hour. Inside the airports, they're wiping down counters, kiosks, seating and team areas and providing hand-sanitizing stations.]()
95 of 200![<strong>What are U.S. domestic carriers and their regional partners doing to ensure their aircraft and gates are properly sanitized amid coronavirus concerns?</strong><br />
Every airline has increased cleaning, using EPA-approved cleaning agents that are designed to kill viruses and bacteria. Most airlines are also cleaning the cabins multiple times a day, followed by a more extensive cleaning when the planes are on the ground overnight. They also use HEPA filters, which can completely change a plane's air supply up to 30 times per hour. Inside the airports, they're wiping down counters, kiosks, seating and team areas and providing hand-sanitizing stations.<br />
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You can check individual airlines' websites to see exactly what they are doing.]()
96 of 200![<strong>We are traveling from the U.S. to Ixtapa, Mexico, where we plan to stay for a month. If they decide to cancel all international flights, will we be notified in time to get 真人百家家乐官网网站home before they cancel? </strong><br />
It is extremely unlikely that the airlines will cancel all international flights. Plus, Mexico is not one of the countries with a serious outbreak of the virus. (As of Wednesday, that country had fewer than 10 cases.) You would be notified as soon as you flight was changed or canceled, but it is impossible to tell when that would be as each airline is different. I suggest you check with your airline regularly just before you fly and while you are in Mexico.]()
97 of 200![<strong>I was wondering if today’s airliners such as the popular 737 or A320 with the horizontal stabilizer mounted near the bottom of the tail take off at a lower angle than those like the MD-88 or similar, where the horizontal stabilizers are at the top? I always felt with the MD-88, old 727, etc that takeoff would occur at a very steep angle. </strong><br />
There is little difference between the climb angle for airliners. The angle is more dependent on the weight of the airplane and the temperature. When airplanes are more lightly loaded (fewer passengers, less cargo, less fuel) and/or when the temperature is cold, the climb angle will be higher. Regional jets without leading-edge slats climb at a lower angle initially but the difference decreases as the speeds are increased.]()
98 of 200![<strong>Flying in turbulence one time, I noticed that the wings seemed to be “bouncing” up and down as the plane was buffeted. How much flexibility do the wings have? </strong><br />
Wing can flex much more than most people realize. During testing, the Boeing 787 wings was flexed 26 feet upward before failing. Aircraft designers calculate the maximum stress they anticipate a wing will experience in flight, then make it able to withstand 50% more as a safety margin. This means that the loads on the wing are well within the safe range. <br />
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Compared to earlier jets, today's aircraft have longer, thinner wings that are more flexible, more fuel efficient and provide a softer ride.]()
99 of 200![<strong>Have you ever flown with Chesley Sullenberger III? </strong><br />
I have known Captain Sullenberger for over 30 years and flown with him several times. We were so close in seniority that we never flew as a crew but I flew on his jumpseat and he flew on my jumpseat. I appreciate his friendship and the professionalism he displays.]()
100 of 200![<strong>How long do you have to spend at each airline's training center to qualify to fly their planes?</strong><br />
The training is very intense. Once a pilot reports for training at a carrier's training center, it usually takes around four to six weeks to get through ground school, advanced flight deck training and full flight simulator. Sometimes the scheduling requirements for the training devices can slow the process.]()
101 of 200![<strong>What is the oddest or rudest thing you have seen on a plane or in an airport? </strong><br />
One memorable case was a lady who was berating one of the flight attendants for not waiting on her fast enough or providing her with more alcohol (which she did not need). The flight attendant advised me of the situation and I went back to talk with the lady. She loudly told me to turn around and have the flight attendant bring her a drink. That was not a wise move on her part. <br />
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The police were called, I told them to remove her from the plane and they asked her to go with them. Initially, she was belligerent to them, too. But after they informed her she could either comply or be arrested, she wisely decided to listen.]()
102 of 200![<strong>Do you miss Pan Am? </strong><br />
Yes, Pan American World Airways was an aviation institution for decades. They were America’s “Flag Carrier” for many years and a major reason why the Boeing 747 was so successful. <br />
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Sadly, as the industry changed, the airline was unable to meet the changing demands and went out of business in 1991. Still, Pan Am will forever be an aviation icon.]()
103 of 200![<strong>What would you do if you had to quarantine your plane mid-air because someone had coronavirus? </strong><br />
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If a person becomes ill inflight, crews are trained to provide first aid. Additionally, many airlines have a medical specialist available via phone or radio patch. If the passenger is ill and needs more medical attention, the captain can decide to divert. <br />
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If there is a question about a contagious disease, then the medical professionals at the diversion airport would have to determine if a quarantine were necessary.]()
104 of 200![<strong>I've noticed that a commercial jet will arrive, de-plane, board and then take off again. How long does a plane go at this pace before a scheduled maintenance check on the engines and other systems? </strong><br />
For the sake of cost efficiency, most airlines do progressive maintenance which minimizes the down time. At least every two days, line maintenance teams perform a visual check, fluid level check and tire pressure check. This “daily check” also provides the mechanics a good opportunity to look for system abnormalities.<br />
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Every few days, the airplane is scheduled to spend time at a maintenance base, undergoing part of a more thorough maintenance examination.<br />
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Every couple of years, the airplane is taken out of service for a what's called a "heavy" maintenance check. During this process, nearly all access panels are opened and parts of the plane – including the interior – are removed for closer inspection. Any corrosion is repaired and many other tasks are accomplished. After passing the heavy checklist, the airplane is again ready to fly several thousand hours per year.]()
105 of 200![<strong>Are there any specific for cleaning the plane after a patient suspected of having coronavirus or some other contagious illness has left the plane? </strong><br />
Yes, there are specific maintenance procedures for cleaning an aircraft after suspected contamination. This would not be specific to the coronavirus (coronavirus is a family of viruses; the specific one to which you refer is 2019-NCoV). Any contamination is treated the same, with disinfectant procedures. This is part of an airline's emergency response plan for contaminants.]()
106 of 200![<strong>Why are passengers that appear sick not required to wear masks? Stop it at the source! </strong><br />
If a passenger is ill, he or she may not be allowed to travel. That decision is up to the regulators and the airline. However, I do not know of a legal means (i.e. a regulation) that could require a passenger to wear a mask.]()
107 of 200![<strong>I’m traveling to Romania in May for a vacation. Should I be concerned about the coronavirus at the airport or on the plane at that point?</strong><br />
The coronavirus situation currently affecting much of China has been changing on a daily basis and is likely to be dramatically different by May. Hopefully, it will be over by then. <br />
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In the meantime, check the websites for the <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus" target="_blank">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/index.html" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control</a> for the latest information including recommendations regarding traveling. ]()
108 of 200![<strong>How can we protect babies and infants from coronavirus since they can't wear masks? </strong><br />
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The virus is spread by inhaling droplets from an infected person, or by your hands picking up the virus and then touching your eyes. <br />
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Keep your child away from people that are sneezing or coughing. Regularly washing their hands and your own for at least 20 seconds after each bathroom trip and before meals will also provide some protection.<br />
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Infectious disease experts say both of those tips are better defenses against coronavirus or any influenza-like illness than the surgical masks sprouting up at airports around the world.]()
109 of 200![<strong>I’m scheduled to fly Feb. 17 from LAX to Thailand connecting through Hong Kong. I know the current coronavirus situation seems to be changing daily. How safe is it to be traveling by airplane and through these airports?</strong><br />
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On Jan. 30, the World Health Organization declared 2019-nCOV a world crisis and the U.S. State Department issued its most severe warning level for China, advising Americans not to travel to any part of China unless absolutely necessary.<br />
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Following the recommendation of the U.S. State Department is wise. But if you must travel, there are other connection points you can use to get to Thailand. Contact your airline and see what other cities for connections are available outside China.]()
110 of 200![<strong>I have heard about this coronavirus and it has me very scared about flying with my 10-week-old baby. I am mainly scared about being on the plane with the circulating air conditioning system and that if someone on the plane has it, we would breathe in their air. I have bought 2 P2 face masks; however, those will be far too big for my baby. What do you think? </strong><br />
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The 2019-nCoV virus is the specific virus that is commonly being referred to as coronavirus. Corona is a family of viruses including the common cold.<br />
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The Centers for Disease Control says that transmission of the virus occurs by droplets from coughing or sneezing or direct contact.<br />
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Air on airplanes is filtered through HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters which should trap any droplets. Another factor that works in your favor is that the fact that the air on planes is extremely dry, which is not conducive to the virus. The CDC recommends frequent hand washing as the most effective way to prevent contracting a virus. <br />
<br />
While the flight from New Zealand to Houston is long, you will be breathing filtered air that is changed frequently.]()
111 of 200![How often are the interior air filters changed in international planes if they ever are changed?
Usually, the main HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters are changed when the airplane is in maintenance, which is about once a month. This can vary from airplane type to airplane type and airline to airline.
I could not find exact intervals but based on talking with some maintenance personnel, this estimate appears to be accurate.]()
112 of 200![<strong>What is ice fog and how dangerous is it? Can a plane fly safely in it?</strong> Ice fog happens when supercooled droplets form fog when the temperature is below freezing. At those temperatures, a cloud is usually made up of ice crystals. Occasionally, there are supercooled droplets that freeze on contact with the airplane. Good de-icing systems are essential in such conditions. <br />
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Flying through this condition in a modern airliner with good de-icing equipment is safe. However, when the airplane is on the ground, a layer of ice can form on the airplane that may make it impossible to take off. Many airlines prohibit operations in freezing rain or freezing drizzle.]()
113 of 200![<strong>Why would pilots dump fuel before landing the airplane? </strong><br />
Airplanes frequently depart the airport heavier than the maximum landing weight allowed – the threshold at which a given aircraft can sustain a very hard landing without damage. During a normal flight, the plan is to burn fuel so the plane's weight will below that number by the time it lands.<br />
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However, if an airplane encounters a technical problem or passenger medical issue and needs to make an emergency landing early in a flight, they won't have had a chance to burn enough fuel to reduce the weight below the maximum landing weight. This means the flight crew has to quickly get rid of excess weight and the easiest way to do that is by dumping fuel.]()
114 of 200![<strong>Recently there seems to be an increase in aircraft sliding off a taxiway or runway. Are the conditions not safe enough for them to be flying or is it just a matter of the ground crew needing to do a better job of clearing the surface? </strong><br />
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In very inclement weather with slick taxiways, the chances of aircraft sliding off the paved surfaces increase. It can be safe to operate the aircraft based on previous reports but still find that the taxiway is slicker than anticipated due to changing conditions. Pilots taxi very carefully when conditions exist where sliding is possible. Ground crews do a wonderful job of clearing snow and ice from the surfaces, but there are limits to what they can do. ]()
115 of 200![<strong>In freezing conditions, with ice on the runway, how safe is the anti-skid braking system on a modern jet? </strong><br />
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The modern jet’s anti-skid system is very good. I have landed on ice-covered runways many times using the anti-skid system to safely stop the airplane. Pilots listen carefully to other landing airplanes for descriptions of the stopping ability on the runway.<br />
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Runway conditions can change quickly, requiring judgment and experience by the pilot to determine whether it is safe to proceed. This system has worked very well for many decades to ensure the safety of landing aircraft.]()
116 of 200![<strong>Why, after a plane has crashed into the water, do investigators put the "black box" back in water?</strong><br />
If a flight data recorder is recovered from the water, it is submerged in fresh, clean water to prevent deposits such as salt or minerals from drying out within the device.<br />
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When the technicians at the laboratory are ready to download the data, they take the recorder out of the freshwater bath, carefully open it and dry any sections that have been exposed to water. They then download the data into special computers that can read the information.]()
117 of 200![<strong>I've been on a lot of flights where the plane seems to turn soon after takeoff. Why is this and is there a minimum altitude the plane must reach before it can be done? </strong><br />
At many airports, there is a departure procedure requiring the pilot to fly a specific heading. This is loaded into the flight management computer.<br />
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The normal minimum altitude for turns is 400 feet. Some operators have slightly higher minimum altitudes for turns.]()
118 of 200![<strong>What happens if one of the pilots become disabled in flight? </strong> <br />
Both pilots are fully qualified to take off and land. In the event a pilot becomes incapacitated, the other pilot would divert the airplane to the nearest suitable airport, declare an emergency and safely land the airplane.<br />
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In larger airplanes, if it were the captain that became incapacitated, then they would have to stop on the runway because only the left side of the airplane has the nose steering wheel used for taxiing. The first officer, who sits on the right, would not be able to taxi the airplane.]()
119 of 200![<strong>Do military aircraft have priority in shared airfields? </strong> <br />
Whether the military plane receives priority fueling or takeoff depends on the types of aircraft involved and the fuel situation.<br />
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Certain types of military airplanes do have priority. Recovering fighters that are low on fuel will have priority. Military transport planes are treated like airliners.]()
120 of 200![<strong>Do flight/cabin crews have fun holiday traditions? </strong><br />
For many operators, uniform restrictions are relaxed a bit during the holidays. Flight crews are creative so some of the most humorous holiday neckties available will be worn with pride. Santa hats replace the traditional uniform hats and holiday pins are added to uniform jackets. <br />
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Some crews will bring battery power lights to enhance the galley area and to spread holiday cheer.]()
121 of 200![<strong>What were your best and worst experiences working on Christmas? </strong><br />
My best working Christmas experience was a 3-day trip that left Christmas Eve and returned late on the day after Christmas (Boxing Day). I was a first officer at the time. The captain brought the crew together and told us, “I know all of us would rather 真人百家家乐官网网站home with families, but we are not. So let’s make the absolute best of it.” That set the tone for the trip.<br />
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At most stops, one of us would go into the airport and return with something for the crew. Chocolate and mints were the favorites. On the overnights, we had nice dinners and enjoyed the company of each other. On Christmas Eve, there was a toast to all those working that night. It was a very memorable trip. <br />
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My worst Christmas wasn’t too difficult: we were scheduled to get 真人百家家乐官网网站home Christmas Eve, but weather and mechanical problems delay our return until early Christmas afternoon.]()
122 of 200![<strong>On every flight I take, I hear an announcement to raise my seat back and close my tray table (typically before landing). But I don't believe I ever heard an announcement that I may recline my seat and open my tray table. Why isn't that announced? When is it OK to recline my seat and open my tray table? </strong> <br />
For takeoff, once the airplane is airborne, you may open your tray table and recline your seat.<br />
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For landing, tray tables must be stowed and seats in the upright position for the landing and taxi phases. This is normally done when the airplane is descending through 10,000 feet.<br />
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There are requirements for the tray table to be stowed and the seat to be in the upright position so there are announcements. There is no requirement to recline or open the tray table; hence, no announcements.]()
123 of 200![<strong>How safe are commercial airports with short runways? </strong><br />
Commercial airports certified by 14 CFR Part 139 (the Federal Aviation Administration's regulation governing facility approval) are very safe.<br />
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Runway length is carefully calculated before every takeoff and landing with good safety margins. Pilots know that the runway length is short so they pay special attention to touchdown points and approach speeds.]()
124 of 200![<strong>If you had a choice to fly the Airbus or Boeing, which would you prefer?</strong><br />
I am asked this question frequently, it is very hard to answer. I flew the Boeing 737 for 15 years and the Airbus A320 for six years and thoroughly enjoyed both of them.<br />
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Each had their strong points and their not-so strong-points. The A320 was more comfortable on long flights, due to the larger flight deck and lack of a control column (it has a side stick). The 737 was the best airplane I have ever flown in a crosswind. Both are reliable workhorses of our transportation system.<br />
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Picking one over the other is like asking me to pick my favorite child ... I like them both!]()
125 of 200![<strong>In light of the 737 Max debacle, do you still feel that the automatic stabilizer trim systems on modern aircraft are a valuable enhancement? </strong><br />
The 737 Max issues are very, very complex. In the case of the <a href="/story/news/world/2019/10/25/boeing-737-max-lion-air-crash/4094885002/" target="_blank">Lion Air</a> and <a href="/story/news/nation/2019/03/29/boeing-737-max-8-crash-anti-stall-system-activated-ethiopian-plane/3308487002/" target="_blank">Ethiopian Airlines</a> crashes, a sensor failed, causing its stabilizer trim to push the nose down. This caused a very unbalanced condition as the pilots were trying to command nose up. The stabilizer trim system normally balances the aerodynamic forces on the tail. But in the two MAX accidents, it was mispositioned by the aircrafts' <a href="/story/news/nation/2019/05/16/737-max-boeing-software-fix-done/3697037002/a" target="_blank">Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS)</a>.<br />
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The MCAS on those planes also lacked redundancy and did not have a limit on activation. Other automatic trim systems have redundancy and a proven track record (they have been in use since the 1980s). Like any flight control system, the redundancy and testing must be robust for a trim system, manual or automatic.<br />
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There are many lessons to be learned from the Max, many of which should help make the next generation of airliners safer and more robust.]()
126 of 200![<strong>What aspect of commercial aviation do you feel currently needs the most review and reform?</strong> <br />
Pilot training in the upcoming years is probably the most difficult issue facing commercial aviation. The upcoming aviators must be to adapt to increasingly complex airspace, in increasingly complex airplanes while maintaining the ability to fly and navigate manually if necessary. Properly diagnosing and responding to unexpected situations is a critical skill that comes from experience and training.]()
127 of 200![<strong>Is there a term for restarting stalled airline jet engines in flight? </strong><br />
If the engine has failed, pilots say the engine has flamed out. Restarting a flamed out engine is known as a relight.]()
128 of 200![<strong>What were your best and worst experiences working on Thanksgiving? </strong>The Thanksgivings I worked often included several hotels taking special care of the flight crews with turkey and all the trimmings. We appreciated the hospitality and the realization that we missed our time with our family to get our passengers to their families. <br />
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The worst was when there were weather problems causing delays or cancelation. We know that there are very few options for passengers due to airplanes being full. We did all we could but there were stranded passengers and holiday plans that were affected.]()
129 of 200![<strong>Which cities or airports do you enjoy flying into during the holiday season? </strong><br />
Seeing the holiday lights in many cities is a special experience. New York and Boston are especially noteworthy as you come over the water toward the city dressed in their “holiday” best. <br />
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When there is time to enjoy it, seeing New York with all the holiday decorations, and the children’s excitement is always fun. <br />
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New Year’s Eve was special when I was in cities with fireworks.]()
130 of 200![<strong>How do pilots train for flying into airports where the airline has never flown? </strong> <br />
Before a new airport is added to a route system, it is evaluated by training pilots to ensure all necessary information is provided to the crews. <br />
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If an airport is in a tricky location, it may require that the pilots be accompanied by an instructor on their first flight there. This was the case when my airline opened service into Mexico City International Airport, which sits more than 7,000 feet above sea level and is surrounded by the Sierra Madres. On my first trip there, an instructor pilot was in the jumpseat to advise us of any special considerations and to evaluate our performance.]()
131 of 200![<strong>Can pilots request a different takeoff runway when they think a different one will work better? </strong><br />
Pilots can request a different runway but there usually needs to be an operational need in order for it to be granted. For example, if the noise abatement runway is shorter, and the flight is heavily loaded, the pilots would have legitimate operational grounds for requesting the longer runway. But requesting a different runway just to shorten taxi time is not considered sufficient need.]()
132 of 200![<strong> I believe aircraft have de-icing mechanisms. What is the difference between these and, say, a windshield defroster, and why couldn't they be used in place of having wings sprayed with de-icing solution? </strong><br />
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Inflight de-icing equipment de-ices only the leading edges of the wings, propellers and sometimes the tail. Other parts of the airplane, such as the windshield and pitot tubes, are heated to prevent ice buildup. On the ground, ice forms on the entire surface of the airplane, resulting in significant weight and the distortion of the airflow, which is potentially dangerous. Consequently, ice must be completely removed from the airplane before takeoff. Heated fluid knocks the ice off the airplane, then a thick gel is applied, so any ice or snow that falls will not stick to the airplane and will blow off during the takeoff roll. This gel is effective for only a limited time, requiring pilots to refer to tables to determine how long the period between de-icing and takeoff can be. Trying to heat the entire airplane would require a very large amount of hot air and a very heavy mechanism; therefore, it is not efficient.]()
133 of 200![<strong>Why don’t airlines stress strongly to passengers that they should leave overhead bins closed during emergency evacuations? </strong> <br />
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Passengers who attempt to retrieve overhead luggage during and evacuation put themselves and others at risk. It is critical that people leave their luggage and concentrate on getting out of the airplane quickly. Airlines try to emphasize this, but too many passengers do not pay attention.]()
134 of 200![<strong>If pilots are trained to fly specific planes, what happens when to a pilot when that particular plane is retired? For example, the <a href="/story/travel/2019/09/04/american-airlines-md-80-planes-retired-super-80-jets-head-roswell/2209309001/" target="_blank">McDonnell Douglas MD-80</a></strong><strong><a href="/story/travel/2019/09/04/american-airlines-md-80-planes-retired-super-80-jets-head-roswell/2209309001/" target="_blank"> was recently retired</a>, so what happens to MD-80 pilots? </strong><br />
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Pilots change airplanes several times during a career. Moving to a new airplane requires attending ground school, passing a written exam, passing a verbal exam, completing a simulator course, passing a simulator evaluation, passing a line-oriented training evaluation, and passing the initial operating experience evaluation. <br />
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If all goes smoothly, the training and evaluations take around six weeks.<br />
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When airplanes are retired, such as the MD-80, all the pilots bid for new assignments. Usually, a pilot's seniority determines his or her next aircraft.]()
135 of 200![<strong>How long does it take for a pilot to get promoted to captain or to a new aircraft? </strong><br />
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It varies depending on the carrier. Thanks to the rapid expansion of my airline (US Airways), I was able to upgrade in a little over three years, which was very quick. Friends of mine waited over 10 years to upgrade. <br />
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The growth of the airline and the rate of retirements are the two most significant determining factors. Once a pilot has a captain bid, it is not a guarantee that they will upgrade. All of the training must be completed successfully and all the evaluations completed before flying your first trip as a captain. <br />
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Upgrading is one of the largest highlights in a pilot’s career. We all remember our first captain trip. It is the culmination of decades of experience, effort, and training. <br />
]()
136 of 200![<strong>How do pilots prepare for an early or red-eye flight? Are there sleep requirements? Are you as tired flying a 5 a.m. flight as passengers are? </strong><br />
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Red-eye flights are challenging. There are rest requirements for pilots before reporting for duty but it is still tiring to work when your circadian rhythms are low (usually around 4 a.m. body-clock time). Many pilots will try and get a nap before a late-night flight to help mitigate fatigue. <br />
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For very early flights, the best choice is to get to sleep as early as possible. This is easier said than done, particularly when there are numerous time zone changes from your 真人百家家乐官网网站home. <br />
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Fatigue is a challenge for all flight crew members, especially when crossing time zones.]()
137 of 200![<strong>In your experience, what do pilots make of passengers clapping upon landing? (Do they generally take it as a compliment or an insult?) </strong><br />
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It always caused me to smile. The appreciation of executing a challenging approach and landing is a compliment.<br />
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Often, pilots feel that we are just doing our jobs when faced with a challenging approach and landing. We use experience and very good training to ensure the safety of the flight.]()
138 of 200![<strong>How tricky is it to land with one or more blown tires? How many can you have and still land safely? Is it better to have the front or rear ones blow?</strong><br />
Most airliners have two or more tires in each position (left main, right main and nose). Certification standards require that a safe landing can be made with one tire deflated when there are two or more tires in that position. <br />
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I have landed with a deflated main gear tire without a problem. There have been cases of airliners landing with a deflated nose gear problem with no difficulties. In cases where there are more than two tires on the main gear, such as a large airplane, losing one tire would be less of an issue than one of two nose gear tires. ]()
139 of 200![<strong>How do pilots cope with cold/flu season? Can they take over-the-counter meds like cough syrup or Sudafed, etc. within a certain time range before a flight? How far in advance do they have to call in sick?</strong><br />
Colds are a challenge for all flight crew members. It is essential that pressure changes in the cabin can be equalized in the inner with clear eustachian tubes. Colds can block those tubes making impossible to equalize the pressure. This can be very serious.<br />
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Over-the-counter medications can help but pilots must be very careful about what medications are taken prior to flight. There are lists of approved medications and any restrictions that are available to passengers. There are some antihistamines that can be taken but most cough syrups contain ingredients that are not approved. There are some cough drops that are ok. If a pilot is taking cold medication that require a number of hours before a flight, they must adhere to that restriction. <br />
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When a flight crew member knows that they will be unable to fly due to illness, including a cold, the sooner they let crew scheduling know the better. In most cases, this happens no later than the day before the trip is scheduled to begin. ]()
140 of 200![<strong>Most of the country is preparing to turn their clocks back on Nov. 3. How much of a pain is this for flight crews and dispatchers? And do they have as much trouble as the rest of us telling time in places like </strong><strong>Arizona where they don't observe daylight savings time?</strong><br />
Twice a year, we are reminded of the change on those very early Sunday mornings. When on short overnight stays with outbound flights the following morning, I have seen messages from dispatchers saying, “Please remember that tonight is the change to/from daylight saving time.” This is so that crews can make sure their alarm clocks are set properly for the morning. <br />
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Flights that are already in progress at the time of the change are not affected due to the use of Universal Coordinated Time, the world-wide standard. It does not change. <br />
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The very few areas that do not change are a challenge for crews to remember which time zone they are in during the time of the year. Is Arizona on Mountain or Pacific time? In reality, they do not change from Mountain Standard Time, but part of the year they are in the same time zone as Denver and the other part of the year, they are on Los Angeles time. ]()
141 of 200![<strong>Last weekend, a <a href="/story/travel/airline-news/2019/10/14/jetblue-flight-diverts-jfk-after-crew-reports-smoke-cockpit/3973426002/" target="_blank">JetBlue flight had to divert</a> due to smoke and an “electrical smell” in the cockpit. What might cause that, how big of a deal is it and has it ever happened to you?</strong><br />
An electrical smell must be considered a potential fire until it can be conclusively determined otherwise. Usually, it is a cooling fan or some other electrical device that is hot but not a true fire. The <a href="/story/travel/airline-news/2019/10/14/jetblue-flight-diverts-jfk-after-crew-reports-smoke-cockpit/3973426002/" target="_blank">JetBlue crew did the right thing in diverting</a>. An in-flight fire is one of the most serious conditions a pilot can face, therefore it is taken very seriously. <br />
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FAA reports indicate that smoke or smell events do happen. Fortunately, actual fires are very, very rare and pilots train for this situation. <br />
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I, too, have experienced electrical smells and light smoke in the flight deck. We were able to determine the source and isolate the problem component. ]()
142 of 200![<strong>Do any other airports have wrap-around taxiways like Victor in Atlanta? It seems like a brilliant design solution. </strong><br />
Wraparound, or end-around taxiways (EATs), as they're known in the USA, allow aircraft to taxi around the end of a runway instead of crossing it. They're both safer, reducing the risk of runway incursions, and more efficient, letting the runways be actual runways.<br />
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In addition to Hartsfield-Jackson in Atlanta (ATL), you can also find them at Detroit Metro (DTW) and Dallas-Fort Worth. DFW also has two more under construction, with the first targeted for completion by 2021 and the second to follow in 2023. (New end-around taxiways must be pre-approved by the Federal Aviation Administration.)]()
143 of 200![<strong>Can you be afraid of heights and still be an airline pilot? </strong> <br />
A true fear of heights could pose a problem even for airplane passengers. It would certainly be an issue for a pilot. That said, there is a difference between truly being afraid of heights and being fearful of falling, from say, the edge of a skyscraper.<br />
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I know many pilots who say they don't like "heights" but their concern is more about feeling uncomfortable looking down from a building or other edges. However, they are comfortable in airplanes.<br />
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You could take a flight to see how you feel and help determine if being a pilot is right for you. ]()
144 of 200![<strong>I've noticed that the wings aren’t placed in the middle of the plane but at nearly the rear of the plane. Why is this? </strong><br />
I would not say that wings near the rear of the plane, but they are not always in the exact middle as designers seek the best location for the loading envelope and to improve fuel efficiency.<br />
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Wing placement is decided based on fuel efficiency and on the loading capabilities (weight and balance). Wings create lift, keeping the plane in the air. They are balanced by the small wing in the tail known as the horizontal stabilizer. This wing is upside down so the lift is created downward. By balancing the two points of lift, the pilots can maintain control of the airplane.]()
145 of 200![<strong>Can you explain windshear and the effects that has on airplanes?</strong><br />
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Windshear is the amount of change in wind direction or velocity over a short distance. This can be a source of turbulence as the airplane travels through a changing air mass. <br />
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One example of windshear's effect on an airplane could be a change in the ground speed. As a tailwind becomes a headwind, the ground speed would slow down. In extreme cases, a change in direction can cause a loss of airspeed with a resulting reduction in lift.]()
146 of 200![<strong>Why have a bag on the oxygen system if it doesn't inflate? </strong><br />
The design of passenger oxygen systems is a continuous flow design. This means that the oxygen generator in the overhead creates oxygen at a given rate, as you breath in, it exceeds the rate of production do the excess in the bag is used.<br />
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During the time when you are not inhaling, the bag is refilled with oxygen. It may not fully inflate during this process. Fortunately, the time a passenger would needs oxygen is short due to the pilots descending to lower altitude were there is sufficient oxygen.]()
147 of 200![<strong>An hour into American Airlines Flight 4582 on Sept. 1, another plane flew past us in the opposite direction at the same altitude (35,000 ft.) and couldn't have been more than 500 ft away from us. I mentioned it to the flight attendant, who then spoke with the captain, and she came back and said the pilot said he saw the other plane but it was at least 500 ft away. That seems way too close to me. Would that be considered a near miss? It scared me! </strong> <br />
At jet cruising altitudes the minimum vertical separation is 1,000 feet. The airplane you saw may have looked closer but it was at least 1,000 feet different altitude. <br />
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If two airplanes were at the same altitude, the air traffic controller would receive an alarm and both flight crews would receive an alarm on their Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). This multi-redundant systems works very well and midair collisions are extremely rare. <br />
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I appreciate that it scared you, but your captain told you the truth. The opposite direction traffic was vertically separated by over 1,000 feet.]()
148 of 200![<strong>Why are planes not equipped with continuous worldwide satellite tracking versus limited ground based radar tracking? </strong> <br />
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Airplanes are being equipped to have continuous tracking. By January 2020, nearly all airliners will be equipped with transmitters that provide altitude, heading, ground speed and the aircraft's identification to controllers via satellite.<br />
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The process to equip airplanes has been underway for several years but modifying an entire fleet is a big, expensive and time-consuming process.<br />
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In the past, pilots made position reports to controllers via high-frequency radios but this process was replaced by automatic reports sent via satellite communication (SATCOM). Now there is nearly continuous transmission of this data. ]()
149 of 200![<strong>Do pilots have a camera that shows them when the front wheels are on the yellow-and-black line like at the gate? </strong><br />
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No, most airplanes do not have cameras displaying the underside of the airplane. Pilots learn how to position the airplane precisely based on experience. <br />
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That said, they're not doing it completely blind: There are ground crew signalers or automated systems that tell the captain when the nose gear is in the proper place. Having the proper alignment is essential to fitting the loading bridge onto the door properly.]()
150 of 200![<strong>I'm a senior in high school and want to become an airline pilot. Should I go to college or go straight to flight school? <br />
</strong><br />
You will have more options if you go to college. A college degree will give you more alternatives if you ever develop a medical issue that would prevent you from flying. It will also help you if you choose to go into management. In your search, you will come across colleges that have both flight schools and an aviation major. That is the best of both worlds.<br />
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As with any college search, don't fixate on brand names when it comes to aviation programs. While there are some very well-known colleges with flight majors, look around at lesser-known programs that are less expensive. Your guidance counselor can help you identify programs.]()
151 of 200![<strong>What do airlines look for in people who apply for flight training?</strong><br />
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Naturally, airlines look to see whether candidates possess the proper licenses, such as the Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate as well as experience flying large-turbine-power airplanes in various weather conditions.<br />
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In the past, many carriers also required a college degree; however, the ongoing pilot shortage has made them less picky about that. It's also OK if you have a degree in an unrelated field. <br />
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Most importantly, airlines are looking for the right attitude, which can make or break a candidate. After all, they can teach you a lot about flying but they can't teach you the right mindset to fit in with their culture. You either have it or you don't.]()
152 of 200![<strong>With so many passengers bringing emotional support animals on planes, what can be done to help people who are allergic to animal dander?</strong><br />
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<strong> </strong>Flight attendants can often persuade passengers to switch seats providing separation between the animal and the person with the allergies. The earlier the flight attendants know about the issue, the more likely they can arrange a solution. However, there are times when passengers can’t or won’t switch seats, making for a difficult flight. <br />
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If this happens to you or a companion, try opening the overhead air vent. By directing the flow of air that hasn't been exposed to animal dander toward the passenger with the allergy, you can reduce the severity of the reaction. ]()
153 of 200![<strong>With flocks of birds wreaking havoc on airplane engines, why aren't there screens on the engines that would allow air to flow in but but keep animals out?</strong><br />
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This has been suggested by some for years but it's not a perfect solution. One potential problem is the screen splitting the bird into pieces small enough to enter the engine.<br />
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Additionally, if the bird causes damage to the screen, it, too, can be pulled into the engine causing more damage than the bird itself. Jet engines very carefully control the airflow into the fan and compressor section. if a bird got caught in the screen, that could potentially disrupt airflow, leading to a loss of power.<br />
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In most cases, a bird goes into the engine and is thrown outward into the fan duct where it does little or no damage. Very rarely one will get pulled into the core, which can cause more damage.<br />
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Bird-strike-induced emergency landings like <a href="/story/travel/flights/2019/01/14/miracle-hudson-flight-survivors-mark-decade-thankfulness/2570411002/" target="_blank">2009's Miracle on the Hudson</a>, when US Airways pilot Chesley Sullenberger landed Flight 1549 in the Hudson or the <a href="/story/travel/airline-news/2019/08/15/ural-airlines-plane-collides-flock-gulls-dozens-seek-medical-treatment-captain-hero/2017085001/" target="_blank">Russian A321 pilot who put his plane down in a Russian cornfield</a> in August are extremely rare. However, they do illustrate the need to improve bird tolerance in newer engines. Manufacturers do extensive bird-ingestion testing but there are still improvement to be made. ]()
154 of 200![<strong> What do airline dispatchers do? </strong><br />
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The dispatcher, who works out of the airline's operations center, is jointly legally responsible for the flight with the captain. Dispatchers are vital members of the operations and safety team. They provide weather updates and airport updates to the flight crew. Additionally, they will watch traffic flow for impact of weather or traffic congestion. Their training is very similar to pilots – just without the flight training.]()
155 of 200![<strong>When do pilots send the request for ground crew?</strong><br />
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Ground crews are actually pretty proactive. For incoming flights, they are ready to move into place once the plane taxis in since they know it has already touched down. For departing planes, once the jet bridge is retracted, they know pushback will occur very soon.]()
156 of 200![<strong>How do pilots avoid anvil-head clouds and other signs of thunderstorms while flying at night? </strong><br />
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Pilots use onboard weather radar to remain clear of thunderstorms during day and night operations. Lightning is actually easier to see at night, which shows the pilots the location of the storm.]()
157 of 200![<strong>Can pilots nap, read books or watch movies in the cockpit?</strong><br />
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It depends on the country and the situation. When there are augmented crews and a rest area (like the one seen here) on board, pilots who are off duty can nap or read. If there are only two pilots, then controlled napping depends on the country. Some allow it (done properly, it really helps to lessen fatigue), while such as the U.S. prohibit it.]()
158 of 200![<strong>What does the crew eat on long flights? </strong><br />
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Pilot meals vary from airline to airline. Usually on long flights, the crew meals are prepared in a similar way to passenger meals. The flight attendants bring the meals to the pilots once the the passengers have been served. The menu varies depending on the departure airport and the catering request.]()
159 of 200![<strong>Recently, <a href="/story/travel/airline-news/2019/08/13/delta-passenger-gets-flight-himself-documents-experience/1995146001/" target="_blank">a Delta passenger got his flight all to himself</a>. Public relations bonanzas aside, that seems like a money-losing move for the airline. How do they decide whether it's worth it to fly a near-empty plane? Does there need to be a minimum number of passengers? </strong> <br />
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The<em> </em>decision to fly an empty plane is actually based on much more than headcount. Airlines also factor in maintenance schedules, the next day's flights, weather-induced logistical chances and paid cargo.]()
160 of 200![<strong>I've been on a lot of flights where the plane seems to turn soon after takeoff. Why is this and is there a minimum altitude before it can be done?</strong> <br />
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It is routine to turn shortly after takeoff. Common reasons include noise abatement rules and avoiding an airplane departing on a parallel runway. Most operators do not turn until reaching 400 feet to ensure good separation from the ground in the event of a problem.<br />
<br />
However, there are some special cases where a turn is needed earlier, such as at Washington Reagan National Airport. When departing north, a turn is required very soon after takeoff to avoid the prohibited airspace over the Mall and White House.]()
161 of 200![<strong> How dangerous is a cracked cockpit windshield? When is it most likely to happen (takeoff, cruising altitude or landing) and what can be done about it?</strong><br />
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<strong> </strong>Windshields consist of two panes of thick glass with a plastic layer between for heating. Either pane is capable of holding full pressure in the other is lost. In my experience, more of the windshields cracked during climb than in other phases of flight. If this occurs, pilots will descend to reduce the pressure and plan on a diversion if necessary.]()
162 of 200![<strong>There are so many reports of pets dying on flights. Are pets safe and comfortable in baggage? I have stopped flying to protect my pet.</strong><br />
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Aircraft designers know that live animals will be shipped so they ensure there is adequate airflow and heat for them. If you are shipping an animal it is prudent to ensure the connecting airport is not extremely hot or cold during the time the animal will be there. All of us protect our pets and airlines realize how the responsibility that comes with accepting a pet for shipment. Talk to the airline staff and plan your trip to minimize connection times without extreme weather conditions.]()
163 of 200![<strong>Question: </strong>What guidelines are in place in case planes are flying at the same altitude and approaching each other? <strong>Answer:</strong> Air traffic control prevents airplanes from approaching each other at the same altitude. Airplanes also have traffic avoidance systems that will have one airplane climb and the other descend.]()
164 of 200![<strong>How are runway assignments determined for arriving or departing flights when there are multiple active runways in use? </strong><br />
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Air traffic control will try and use the runway that points toward the wind when possible. Some airport layouts make it much faster for certain runways to be used for landing and others for take off. The controllers know what configuration works best. The goal of air traffic controllers is to try to expedite the traffic flow while keeping it safe for aircraft.]()
165 of 200![<strong>Question:</strong> Calling a family pet an emotional support animal is rife for abuse. If you need a support animal or blanket to feel secure while flying, it might be time to consider the train. How can we Think you can get the people that write the laws to use common sense? <strong>Answer: </strong>Airlines are slowly making progress in requiring more documentation for all animals traveling on board. Too many passengers have abused the emotional support animal rule and it can have a safety implication during an evacuation.]()
166 of 200![<strong>How secure are planes in the air from being hacked by technology brought onboard by passengers bring on planes?</strong> <br />
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Critical flight computers are shielded and not accessible by the internet or passenger electronics, making them very secure.]()
167 of 200![<strong>How will Boeing promote and market the safe return of the 737 Max on its first day back in the air? </strong><br />
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It is impossible to know at this point. Each operator will handle the return to service differently. Some will make a media event out of showing the safety and reliability of it while others will attempt to make it “business as usual.”]()
168 of 200![<strong>Once the 737 Max is approved to fly again, can individual pilots choose not to take assignments for that aircraft? Will they be "punished" for refusing? </strong><br />
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If they are assigned to the MAX fleet, then they are expected to fly it. However, It is possible for them to change the fleet to which they are assigned. I do not know of any pilots that would not fly the MAX once it is recertified, tested and returned to service.]()
169 of 200![What do the pilots do if there's a loss of power? What's the point of no returns? <br />
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The total loss of power is extraordinarily rare. The first action would be to relight the engines. If that failed, a ditching would be required, as was the case with 2009's "Miracle on the Hudson."<br />
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After a bird strike disabled both engines minutes after taking off from New York's LaGuardia Airport, Captain Chelsey Sullenberger and First Officer Jeffrey Skiles glided their US Airways Airbus A320 into the Hudson River in what was called the "most successful ditching in aviation history."]()
170 of 200![<strong>Recently, a 777 had an engine failure on takeoff at Atlanta. It seems like there would be extra strain on the functioning engine while under such a heavy load compensating for the failure. Would that engine also undergo inspection, or is that not even a concern? </strong><br />
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All twin-engine airplanes are designed to fly with one engine inoperative so there is no additional strain on the operating engine. Unless there was an indication that the remaining engine had exceeded temperature or speed ranges during such a flight there would be no concern and no need for inspection.]()
171 of 200![<strong>Is it typical for pilots to have to burn off fuel on a flight prior to landing? I was on a completely full flight on an Embraer 190 between Philadelphia and Raleigh-Durham where the pilot had to lower the landing gear and fly around prior to landing. I've flown quite a bit and do not recall ever experiencing this. </strong><br />
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This happens occasionally. On some flights when the passenger load and cargo load is heavy, the flight is planned to land at the maximum landing weight. If they wind up burning less than what was forecast, then the pilots have to burn off the excess fuel to reduce the weight. Lowering the landing gear and to extend the flight accomplishes the needed fuel burn.]()
172 of 200![<strong>Some routes always seem to have dramatic air pockets, such as flying into Las Vegas. Are there some routes that are just more susceptible to sudden drops?</strong> <br />
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I suspect you are feeling the effects of thermal heating causing turbulence. In places like Las Vegas where there are mountains and high heating, turbulence is more common. Usually, this occurs at lower altitudes although mountain waves can occur at cruise altitudes.]()
173 of 200![<strong>Do all the electronics inside the aircraft such as the reading lights, TV screens and fans impact the engine or drain the battery? </strong><br />
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Modern airplanes have very large generators capable of supplying electrical power for all the modern devices. Each engine has at least one large generator the auxiliary power unit has a generator and most airline jets have a ram air turbine that can produce electricity. There are batteries. too. The engine generators do cause the engine to burn more fuel but it is not a large amount.]()
174 of 200![<strong>Why can't airlines equip the entire cabin with active noise-canceling technology (not just headphones)? That would make long-haul flights more comfortable than pastel mood lighting. </strong><br />
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I have seen active noise-canceling technology in business jets and turboprop aircraft but not in airliners so far. The technology is available but I suspect cost and weight are the reasons it has not been installed yet.]()
175 of 200![<strong>In today's modern aircraft, does turbulence make it physically tiring to control a plane or does fly by wire and automation take away physical exertion? </strong><br />
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Flying modern jets is not overly physical. The automation and powered flight controls have made it much easier and less physically stressful.]()
176 of 200![<strong>Do both pilots fly the plane under normal circumstances or only when there's an emergency? </strong><br />
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Both pilots are fully qualified to fly the airplane. Usually, one pilot flies the airplane while the other performs the duties of the monitoring pilot, such as communicating with air traffic control, handling checklists and overseeing the flight path. The breakdown of tasks between the flying pilot and monitoring pilot is very clearly defined but pilots are trained to perform both.]()
177 of 200![<strong>Is there any specific way flights are numbered? </strong><br />
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Each airline has their own way of numbering flights. That said, there does have to be some coordination between companies to prevent different carriers from having the same flight number in the same airspace.<strong> </strong>]()
178 of 200![<strong>While traveling on a Boeing 737-800, I noticed there was no window in Row 10 on the left side. What is the reason for this? </strong><br />
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There is often a missing window on jets since the air conditioning vents run up the wall there. Some airplanes also leave a window out in line with the fan section of the engine incase of a blade separation.]()
179 of 200![<strong>When the cabin door closes and the cabin staff announces for all cellular devices to be placed in airplane mode or turned off, some passengers feel this announcement does not pertain to them. They keep talking. Is it acceptable to rat them out to cabin staff? </strong><br />
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Agreed, there are passengers who do not comply and get belligerent when a flight attendant does their job of reminding them of the rule.]()
180 of 200![<strong>Is there a speed limit for planes while taxiing on the taxiway?</strong> <br />
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Some airports have speed limits but more often airplanes will have a limitation in the flight manual for maximum taxi speeds. This is usually around 30 knots.]()
181 of 200![<strong>Question: </strong>Why do jumbo jets ascend at a lower rate? It takes them much longer to get to the desired altitude. <strong>Answer: </strong>Large four-engine airplanes are slower to climb than two-engine airplanes due to the amount of excess thrust of two-engine airplanes. If a two-engine airplane experiences a loss of thrust in one engine (50% of the total thrust), it must still be able to climb and continue flight safely. A loss of thrust for a four-engine airplane only results in a 25% loss of thrust. The twin-engine plane has more excess thrust when all engines are operating and therefore climbs faster. ]()
182 of 200![<strong>When a plane is experiencing severe turbulence, it's difficult to judge how far "down" it appears to be falling or dropping – inches or feet? </strong><br />
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In heavy turbulence it can feel like the airplane is going up and down long distances, when in reality it is only a few feet. Humans notice the rate of change (how fast you are going up or down) more than the magnitude of the excursion. Very rarely, turbulence can cause a change of a few hundred feet, but most times it is less than 100 feet.]()
183 of 200![<strong> If aircraft weight is so important, why aren't aircraft windows made larger? Aren't those materials lighter than the rest of the aircraft? </strong><br />
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The structure around the window is heavier. If you look at airplanes designed as freighters, they do not have windows. This is done to reduce the weight and maintenance costs.]()
184 of 200![<strong>Planes making a sideways landing in a strong crosswind make for remarkable videos. How does the airplane landing gear handle the added stress of such landings? </strong><br />
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If you look carefully, the airplane will yaw before touchdown to be more closely aligned with the runway. The pilot uses the rudder to reduce the crab angle just prior to touchdown. This reduces the sideload on the main landing gear. <br />
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During certification flights the manufacturers demonstrate crosswind landing without yawing prior to touchdown to test the capability of the landing gear. While the gear is designed to take the load, it is a lot of force. ]()
185 of 200![<strong>Question: Why don't airliners "power back" from the gate?</strong><br />
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In the 1980s, airliners with aft-mounted engines (e.g., DC-9, MD-80 and B727) used powerback in an effort to reduce the number of ground personnel required. Today, most large airliners have underwing-mounted engines; they are too close to the ground and have a potential to ingest debris during a powerback. Powerback has safety risks; only a few aft-mounted engine jets could do it. I do not know of any airline using that procedure today.]()
186 of 200![<strong>In the cockpit are all those buttons and knobs really used or necessary to fly the plane? </strong><br />
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Yes, the buttons and knobs are used to control the airplane in normal flight or when there is a problem with a system. While they look confusing to the layperson the pilots know exactly what each one does and how it is to be used.]()
187 of 200![<strong> How safe are commercial airports with short runways</strong>? <br />
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Commercial airports certified by the Federal Aviation Administration's <a href="https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/part139_cert/">14 CFR Part 139</a> are very safe. Runway length is carefully calculated before every takeoff and landing with good safety margins. Pilots know that the runway length is short, so they pay special attention to touchdown points and approach speeds.]()
188 of 200![<strong>Why are airlines still using 50-plus-year-old black boxes, when the technology currently exists to transmit all the same cockpit data and voice information in real time via satellite communications?</strong><br />
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While technically possible, there are significant issues with real-time up-streaming of data. Who owns the data? What can it be used for? Can it be hacked? The Digital Flight Data and Cockpit Voice recorders have proven to be very successful over the decades. There is reluctance to lose this proven technology.]()
189 of 200![<strong>How would you suggest a passenger cope with turbulence, physically and emotionally?</strong><br />
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The best steps to take physically are to remain seated with your seat belt securely fastened. This will prevent you being bounced around in the seat. If you want to sit in the area of the airplane that moves the least during turbulence, then choose a seat over the middle of the wing. The aft section of the airplane moves the most. Fear of the unknown is the root of the emotional discomfort. Some people believe that the airplane will suffer damage or even crash due to turbulence. The facts prove otherwise. Modern airplanes are designed to withstand very heavy turbulence.]()
190 of 200![<strong> What problems would cause you to make an emergency landing? </strong><br />
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A diversion to land at an alternate airport is often erroneously described as an emergency landing in media accounts. There is no emergency, but there is a change in plans. A problem with the pressurization system may require a diversion. A passenger with a medical problem may require a diversion. Some electrical problems will require a diversion. If there is an onboard fire, then an emergency landing is necessary. The difference is that in some fire conditions, the situation requires landing as soon as possible. That is an emergency. There are other conditions that require a diversion but only a very few require a true emergency landing.]()
191 of 200![<strong>How easy is it to land the largest jumbo jets? </strong><br />
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A pilot with significant experience can transition to a very large airplane quickly. There is little difference in the handling characteristics, but the flight deck height and wingspan require practice. The 747 and A380 pilots I know characterize both as easy airplanes to fly.]()
192 of 200![<strong>What do you think of the recent attention given to companion animals on flights? Isn’t this a source of unnecessary distraction for both pilot and crew</strong>?<br />
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The issue of companion animals is a difficult one. There have been cases of animals biting passengers, getting loose, urinating and worse. The airlines had to do something due to the number of bad events that continued to rise. Current requirements for certification for the need for the animal by a doctor or physiologist appear to be reasonable.]()
193 of 200![<strong>What is the top speed for a typical jetliner without compromising the air frame? Is there such a thing as too fast for a plane (putting scheduling & ATC aside)? </strong><br />
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<strong> </strong>Airplanes only know their speed in relation to the air around them. If there is a 200 mph tail wind, the speed of the airplane across the ground would be over 750 mph. All air frame speed limitations are based on airspeed not ground speed.]()
194 of 200![<strong>Do pilots have to eat different meals on a flight? </strong><br />
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I have not seen an FAA requirement for a meal difference. Many airlines require different meals for members of the flight crew in the belief that it mitigates risk of food-borne illness, but it is a choice made by each operator.]()
195 of 200![<strong>I notice that jet engine cowlings are scalloped on the rear edge on some engines and not on others. What is the purpose of the scalloped edge? </strong><br />
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Newer engines have the saw tooth cowlings. They help make the engine quieter, particularly at higher power.]()
196 of 200![<strong>When Air Force One makes a long trip, does it refuel in air? </strong><br />
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The Air Force carefully limits the information about the specifics of an Air Force One flight. So if there were an aerial refueling we would not know about it. The specially modified B747s that fly the president are capable of aerial refueling, and the crews maintain proficiency in this skill. The direct answer to your question is that it is possible, but the information is not released.]()
197 of 200![<strong> Why do the cabins on passenger jets get hot when flights are delayed on the ground after leaving the gate? Does the air conditioning system rely on power or airflow levels only available in flight? </strong><br />
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When the engines are at idle, they do not produce much compressed air used for cooling. This can result in a warm cabin. The issue is the amount of air available for cooling when not in flight, where the flow is robust.]()
198 of 200![<strong> Why do airlines still have ashtrays in the bathroom doors even though smoking is prohibited? </strong><br />
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<strong>:</strong> It is a certification requirement by the regulatory agencies (e.g. the FAA and EASA). This is an old requirement that came from the 1960s to ensure that a person had a place to extinguish a cigarette other than throwing it in the lavatory trash bin where it could cause a paper fire. The requirement has never been changed because there are still airlines around the world that allow smoking, and airplanes are often sold between airlines.]()
199 of 200![<strong>Why are some landings rougher than others? Is it pilot's technique? </strong><br />
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The conditions vary greatly from landing to landing. Wind, runway conditions, weight of the airplane and many other factors can cause some landings to be less smooth than others. Yes, pilot technique can be a cause, but it is usually not the only cause.]()
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